-1
Reportable
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION
WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.936 OF 2018
Dinesh Kumar Gupta and others …Petitioners
Versus
High Court of Judicature of Rajasthan
others …Respondent
WITH WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.967 OF 2018
WITH WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.1471 OF 2018
WITH WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.498 OF 2019
WITH WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.464 OF 2019
WITH WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO. OF 2020
(D.NO.13252/2019)
WITH WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.899 OF 2019
WITH -2 WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.897 OF
2019
WITH WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.895 OF 2019
AND
WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.1008 OF 2019
J U D G M E N T
Uday Umesh Lalit, J.
1. These Writ Petitions broadly fall in
following three categories:-
A] Writ Petition (Civil) No. 936 of 2018
filed by four petitioners, prays for appropriate directions that after the
promulgation of Rajasthan Judicial Service Rules, 2010 (“2010 Rules”, for
short), all appointments ought to be in conformity with 2010 Rules and
allocation of seniority must be in accordance with the Cyclic Order provided in
Schedule VII to 2010 Rules. In terms of 2010 Rules, posts in the cadre of
District Judges in the Higher Judicial Service in State of Rajasthan were
required to be filled up in accordance with quota of 50% for Promotees, 25% for
Direct Recruits and 25% by way of Limited Competitive Examination -3 (“LCE”,
for short) in keeping with law laid down by this Court in All India Judges
Association vs. Union of India and Others1 . This Writ Petition filed by
candidates who were successful in LCE prays that they be allocated seniority in
terms of the Cyclic Order in Schedule VII. In this group fall Writ Petition
(Civil) No.498 of 2018 and Writ Petition Diary No.13252 of 2019 which pray that
the inter se seniority between candidates who were successful in LCE must be
determined on the basis of their merit in LCE and not by their erstwhile
seniority.
B] Writ Petition (Civil) No. 967 of 2018
has been filed by 37 Direct Recruits challenging the Provisional Seniority List
dated 16.08.2017 with regard to the cadre of District Judges in the Higher
Judicial Service in the State, on the ground that the appointments made after
2010 Rules had come into effect, ought to be in accordance with the Cyclic
Order; and the inter se seniority and placement of Direct Recruits and
Promotees, promoted after 2010 Rules had come into effect must be in accordance
with 2010 Rules.
C] Writ Petition (Civil) No.1471 of 2018
has been filed by Rajasthan Judicial Service Officers Association (“the
Association”, 1 (2002) 4 SCC 247 -4 for short) seeking benefit of
ad-hoc/officiating service put in by Promotees who were promoted on ad-hoc
basis as Fast Track Court Judges and also prays for re-determination of
vacancies of Direct Recruits submitting that the vacancies earmarked for Direct
Recruits were in excess of their quota. Writ Petition (C) Nos.464 of 2019, 895
of 2019, 897 of 2019, 899 of 2019 and 1008 of 2018 are filed by Judicial
Officers seeking similar benefit in respect of adhoc/officiating service as
Fast Track Court Judges in the State and pray that such candidates be placed
above the Direct Recruits in the cadre of District Judges in the State.
2. Since the issues involved in all these
matters pertain to appointments to and allocation of seniority in respect of,
the cadre of District Judges in the State of Rajasthan and regarding effect of
2010 Rules, the petitions were heard together. Before we deal with the factual
aspects, it would be necessary to consider certain decisions of this Court
touching upon the establishment of Fast Track Courts as well as the concept of
promotion through LCE and the respective quotas for candidates coming from
three different streams in the Higher Judicial Service in various States. -5
2.1. In All India Judges’ Association v.
Union of India and others2 , the issues with regard to the working conditions
of the members of the subordinate judiciary throughout the country came up for
consideration. Number of directions were issued by this Court. However, review
petitions were filed by Union of India seeking certain
modifications/clarifications. These review petitions were disposed of by this
Court while issuing further directions in All India Judges’ Association and
others v. Union of India and others3 . In pursuance of said directions, First
National Judicial Pay Commission under the Chairmanship of Mr. Justice K.J.
Shetty (former Judge of this Court) was constituted on 21.03.1996. The terms of
reference were thereafter modified on 16.12.1997 and the Commission was also
empowered to consider and grant interim relief. By Report dated 31.01.1998 some
interim relief was granted by Justice Shetty Commission. After due deliberations
Justice Shetty Commission submitted a Report on 11.11.1999 and all the States/
Union Territories were directed by this Court4 to send their responses to Union
of India so that all the issues could be deliberated upon and dealt
with.4 2 (1992) 1 SCC 119 3 (1993) 4 SCC 288 4 (2002) 4 SCC 274 -6
2.2 After considering all the submissions,
this Court in its decision dated 21.03.2002 in All India Judges’ Association
and others v. Union of India and others1 passed some directions. We are
presently concerned with the observations made in paragraphs 24 to 29 in which
reference was made to the 85th Report of the Standing Committee of Parliament
recommending that there should be increase in the number of Judges. Said
Committee had noted the Judges to Population ratio and in tune with 120th
Report of the Law Commission, recommendations were made to increase the Judges’
strength to 50 Judges per 10 lakh people in the first instance. Recommendations
made by Justice Shetty Commission were also considered and recruitment to the
Higher Judicial Service in the cadre of District Judges was also subject-matter
of directions. Paragraphs 27 to 29 are quoted for ready reference:
“27. Another question which falls for
consideration is the method of recruitment to the posts in the cadre of Higher
Judicial Service i.e. District Judges and Additional District Judges. At the
present moment, there are two sources for recruitment to the Higher Judicial
Service, namely, by promotion from amongst the members of the Subordinate
Judicial Service and by direct recruitment. The subordinate judiciary is the
foundation of the edifice of the judicial system. It is, therefore, imperative,
like any other foundation, that it should become as strong as possible. The
weight on the judicial system essentially rests on the subordinate judiciary.
While we have accepted the recommendation of the Shetty Commission which will result
in the increase in the pay scales of the -7 subordinate judiciary, it is at the
same time necessary that the judicial officers, hard-working as they are,
become more efficient. It is imperative that they keep abreast of knowledge of
law and the latest pronouncements, and it is for this reason that the Shetty
Commission has recommended the establishment of a Judicial Academy, which is
very necessary. At the same time, we are of the opinion that there has to be
certain minimum standard, objectively adjudged, for officers who are to enter
the Higher Judicial Service as Additional District Judges and District Judges.
While we agree with the Shetty Commission that the recruitment to the Higher
Judicial Service i.e. the District Judge cadre from amongst the advocates
should be 25 per cent and the process of recruitment is to be by a competitive
examination, both written and viva voce, we are of the opinion that there
should be an objective method of testing the suitability of the subordinate
judicial officers for promotion to the Higher Judicial Service. Furthermore,
there should also be an incentive amongst the relatively junior and other
officers to improve and to compete with each other so as to excel and get
quicker promotion. In this way, we expect that the calibre of the members of
the Higher Judicial Service will further improve. In order to achieve this,
while the ratio of 75 per cent appointment by promotion and 25 per cent by
direct recruitment to the Higher Judicial Service is maintained, we are,
however, of the opinion that there should be two methods as far as appointment
by promotion is concerned: 50 per cent of the total posts in the Higher
Judicial Service must be filled by promotion on the basis of principle of
merit-cum-seniority. For this purpose, the High Courts should devise and evolve
a test in order to ascertain and examine the legal knowledge of those
candidates and to assess their continued efficiency with adequate knowledge of
case-law. The remaining 25 per cent of the posts in the service shall be filled
by promotion strictly on the basis of merit through the limited departmental
competitive examination for which the qualifying service as a Civil Judge
(Senior Division) should be -8 not less than five years. The High Courts will
have to frame a rule in this regard. (emphasis supplied)
28. As a result of the aforesaid, to
recapitulate, we direct that recruitment to the Higher Judicial Service i.e.
the cadre of District Judges will be: (1) (a) 50 per cent by promotion from
amongst the Civil Judges (Senior Division) on the basis of principle of
merit-cum-seniority and passing a suitability test; (b) 25 per cent by
promotion strictly on the basis of merit through limited competitive
examination of Civil Judges (Senior Division) having not less than five years’
qualifying service; and (c) 25 per cent of the posts shall be filled by direct
recruitment from amongst the eligible advocates on the basis of the written and
viva voce test conducted by respective High Courts. (2) Appropriate rules shall
be framed as above by the High Courts as early as possible.
29. Experience has shown that there has
been a constant discontentment amongst the members of the Higher Judicial
Service in regard to their seniority in service. For over three decades a large
number of cases have been instituted in order to decide the relative seniority
from the officers recruited from the two different sources, namely, promotees
and direct recruits. As a result of the decision today, there will, in a way,
be three ways of recruitment to the Higher Judicial Service. The quota for
promotion which we have prescribed is 50 per cent by following the principle
“merit-cum-seniority”, 25 per cent strictly on merit by limited departmental
competitive examination and 25 per cent by direct recruitment. Experience has
also shown that the least amount of litigation in the country, where quota
system in recruitment exists, insofar as seniority is concerned, is where a
roster system is followed. For example, there -9 is, as per the rules of the
Central Government, a 40- point roster which has been prescribed which deals
with the quotas for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Hardly, if ever,
there has been a litigation amongst the members of the service after their
recruitment as per the quotas, the seniority is fixed by the roster points and
irrespective of the fact as to when a person is recruited. When roster system is
followed, there is no question of any dispute arising. The 40-point roster has
been considered and approved by this Court in R.K. Sabharwal v. State of
Punjab5 . One of the methods of avoiding any litigation and bringing about
certainty in this regard is by specifying quotas in relation to posts and not
in relation to the vacancies. This is the basic principle on the basis of which
the 40-point roster works. We direct the High Courts to suitably amend and
promulgate seniority rules on the basis of the roster principle as approved by
this Court in R.K. Sabharwal case as early as possible. We hope that as a
result thereof there would be no further dispute in the fixation of seniority.
It is obvious that this system can only apply prospectively except where under
the relevant rules seniority is to be determined on the basis of quota and
rotational system. The existing relative seniority of the members of the Higher
Judicial Service has to be protected but the roster has to be evolved for the
future. Appropriate rules and methods will be adopted by the High Courts and
approved by the States, wherever necessary by 31-3-2003.”
2.3. Soon thereafter, in its decision
rendered on 06.05.2002 in Brij Mohan Lal v. Union of India and others6 this
Court had an occasion to consider the issue relating to Fast Track Courts. The
11th Finance Commission had allocated Rs.502.90 crores for the purpose of
setting up 5 (1995) 2 SCC 745 6 (2002) 5 SCC 1 -10 1734 courts in various
States to deal with long pending cases, particularly sessions cases. On the
basis of said recommendations a note was prepared by the Department of Justice,
Government of India to set up Fast Track Courts. Challenges were raised in some
High Courts to the constitution of such Fast Track Courts and the matters were
dealt by this Court in Transfer Petitions. After considering rival submissions,
directions were issued in para 10 and for the present purposes direction Nos.1
to 8, 14 and 18 are relevant:-
“10. Keeping in view the laudable
objectives with which the Fast Track Courts Scheme has been conceived and
introduced, we feel the following directions, for the present, would be
sufficient to take care of initial teething problems highlighted by the
parties: Directions by the Court
1. The first preference for appointment of
judges of the Fast Track Courts is to be given by ad-hoc promotions from
amongst eligible judicial officers. While giving such promotion, the High Court
shall follow the procedures in force in the matter of promotion to such posts
in Superior/Higher Judicial Services.
2. The second preference in appointments
to Fast Track Courts shall be given to retired judges who have good service
records with no adverse comments in their ACRs, so far as judicial acumen,
reputation regarding honesty, integrity and character are concerned. Those who
were not given the benefit of two years’ extension of the age of
superannuation, shall not be considered for appointment. It should be ensured
that they satisfy the conditions laid down in Articles 233(2) and 309 of the
Constitution. The High Court concerned shall take a decision with regard to -11
the minimum-maximum age of eligibility to ensure that they are physically fit
for the work in Fast Track Courts.
3. No judicial officer who was dismissed
or removed or compulsorily retired or made to seek retirement shall be
considered for appointment under the Scheme. Judicial officers who have sought
voluntary retirement after initiation of departmental proceedings/inquiry shall
not be considered for appointment.
4. The third preference shall be given to
members of the Bar for direct appointment in these courts. They should be
preferably in the age group of 35-45 years, so that they could aspire to
continue against the regular posts if the Fast Track Courts cease to function.
The question of their continuance in service shall be reviewed periodically by
the High Court based on their performance. They may be absorbed in regular
vacancies, if subsequent recruitment takes place and their performance in the
Fast Track Courts is found satisfactory. For the initial selection, the High
Court shall adopt such methods of selection as are normally followed for
selection of members of the Bar as direct recruits to the Superior/Higher
Judicial Services. 5. Overall preference for appointment in Fast Track Courts
shall be given to eligible officers who are on the verge of retirement subject
to they being physically fit. 6. The recommendation for selection shall be made
by a committee of at least three Judges of the High Court, constituted by the
Chief Justice of the High Court concerned in this regard. The final decision in
the matter shall be taken by the Full Court of the High Court. 7. After ad-hoc
promotion of judicial officers to the Fast Track Courts, the consequential
vacancies shall be filled up immediately by organizing a special recruitment
drive. Steps should be taken in advance to initiate process for selection to
fill up these vacancies much before the judicial officers are promoted to the
Fast Track Courts, so that vacancies may not be -12 generated at the lower
levels of the subordinate judiciary. The High Court and the State Government
concerned shall take prompt steps to fill up the consequential as well as
existing vacancies in the subordinate courts on priority basis. The State
Government concerned shall take necessary decisions within a month from the
receipt of the recommendations made by the High Court. 8. Priority shall be
given by the Fast Track Courts for disposal of those sessions cases which are
pending for the longest period of time, and/or those involving undertrials.
Similar shall be the approach for civil cases i.e. old cases shall be given priority.
9. …... 10…... 11….. 12 ….. 13 ….. 14. No right will be conferred on judicial
officers in service for claiming any regular promotion on the basis of his/her
appointment on ad-hoc basis under the Scheme. The service rendered in Fast
Track Courts will be deemed as service rendered in the parent cadre. In case
any judicial officer is promoted to higher grade in the parent cadre during his
tenure in Fast Track Courts, the service rendered in Fast Track Courts will be
deemed to be service in such higher grade. 15….. 16…. 17…. 18. The High Court
and the State Government shall ensure that there exists no vacancy so far as
the Fast Track Courts are concerned, and necessary steps in that regard shall
be taken within three months from today. In other words, steps should be taken
to set up all the Fast Track Courts within the stipulated time.” -13
2.4. Thereafter in Malik Mazhar Sultan and
another v. U.P. Public Service Commission and others7 the issues regarding
timely declaration of vacancies in judicial service and timely appointments
were considered by this Court as under:
“23. It is absolutely necessary to evolve
a mechanism to speedily determine and fill vacancies of judges at all levels.
For this purpose, timely steps are required to be taken for determination of
vacancies, issue of advertisement, conducting examinations, interviews,
declaration of the final results and issue of orders of appointments. For all
these and other steps, if any, it is necessary to provide for fixed time
schedule so that the system works automatically and there is no delay in
filling up of vacancies. The dates for taking these steps can be provided for on
the pattern similar to filling of vacancies in some other services or filling
of seats for admission in medical colleges. The schedule appended to the
regulations governing medical admissions sets out a time schedule for every
step to be strictly adhered to every year. The exception can be provided for
where sufficient number of vacancies do not occur in a given year. The
adherence to strict time schedule can ensure timely filling of vacancies. All
the State Governments, the Union Territories and/or the High Courts are
directed to provide for time schedule for the aforesaid purposes so that every
year vacancies that may occur are timely filled. All the State Governments, the
Union Territories and the High Courts are directed to file within three months
details of the time schedule so fixed and date from which the time schedule so
fixed would be operational.”
2.5. After the disposal of the appeals in
Malik Mazhar Sultan and others v. U.P. Public Service Commission7 suggestions
were made by 7 (2006) 9 SCC 507 -14 some of the State Governments and written
submissions were also filed by the learned Amicus Curiae. In its order dated
04.01.20178 , this Court issued further directions and prescribed timelines.
From paragraph 7 onwards directions were issued for filling up vacancies in
various cadres including the cadre of District Judges.
2.6. By order dated 20.04.2010 passed in
All India Judges’ Association v. Union of India and others9 directions issued
earlier with regard to 25% quota for Limited Departmental Competitive
Examination were modified by this court as under:
“6. Having regard to various strategies
available, we are of the considered view that suitable amendment is to be made
for this 25% quota of limited departmental competitive examination. We are also
of the view, with the past experience, that it is desirable that 25% quota be
reduced to 10%. We feel so as the required result, which was sought to be
achieved by this process could not be achieved, thus it calls for modification.
7. Thus, we direct that henceforth only
10% of the cadre strength of District Judges be filled up by limited
departmental competitive examination with those candidates who have qualified
service of five years as Civil Judge (Senior Division). Every year vacancies
are to be ascertained and the process of selection shall be taken care of by
the High Courts. If any of the post is not filled up under 10% quota, the same
shall be filled up by regular promotion. In some of the High Courts, process of
selection of these 25% 8 (2008) 17 SCC 703. 9 (2010) 15 SCC 170 -15 quota by
holding limited departmental competitive examination is in progress, such
process can be continued and the unfilled seats, if meritorious candidates are
available, should be filled up. But if for some reason the seats are not filled
up, they may be filled up by regular promotion and apply the usual mode of
promotion process. Thus we pass the following order.
8. Hereinafter, there shall be 25% of
seats for direct recruitment from the Bar, 65% of seats are to be filled up by
regular promotion of Civil Judge (Senior Division) and 10% seats are to be
filled up by limited departmental competitive examination. If candidates are
not available for 10% seats, or are not able to qualify in the examination then
vacant posts are to be filled up by regular promotion in accordance with the
Service Rules applicable.
9. All the High Courts are hereby directed
to take steps to see that existing Service Rules be amended positively with
effect from 1-1-2011. If the Rules are not suitably amended, this order shall
prevail and further recruitment from 1-1-2011 shall be continued accordingly as
directed by us. The time schedule prescribed in the order dated 4-1-2007 (in
Malik Mazhar Sultan case8) shall be strictly adhered to for the purpose of
selection. All the vacancies are to be filled up in that particular year and
there shall not be any carry forward of the unfilled posts.”
3. In the State of Rajasthan, the matters
relating to Constitution of Courts and Jurisdiction of Courts were dealt with
by the Rajasthan Civil Courts Ordinance, 1950 which consolidated and amended
the law relating to Civil Courts in the State. Clause 6 of said Ordinance dealt
with Classes of Courts; Clause 8 dealt with Power to fix number of District
Judges -16 while Clause 10 dealt with the appointment of Additional Judges. In
exercise of powers conferred by Article 233 and the Proviso to Article 309 of
the Constitution of India, the Governor of Rajasthan made the Rajasthan Higher
Judicial Service Rules, 1969 (“1969 Rules”, for short) in consultation with the
High Court10 in respect of the Rajasthan Higher Judicial Service for making
appointments, postings and promotions to the cadre of District Judges, and to
provide for other ancillary matters. The expressions ‘Direct Recruitment’,
‘District Judge’, ‘Member of the Service’ and ‘Service’ were defined in Rule 3
as under:- “(c) “Direct recruitment” means recruitment in the matter prescribed
by clause (ii) of rule 8; (d)“District Judge” includes Additional District
Judge, Sessions Judge and Additional Sessions Judge; … … … (f) “Member of the
Service” means a person appointed in a substantive capacity to a post in the
service; … … … (h) “Service” means the Rajasthan Higher Judicial Service” 10
The High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan -17 3.1. Part-II and Part-III of
1969 Rules dealt with topics ‘Cadre’ and ‘Principles and Procedure of
Recruitment and Promotion’. Rules 6 to 9 under said Parts-II and III were as
under:- “6. Strength of the Service.- (1) The strength of the Service shall,
until orders varying the same have been passed under sub-rule (2), be as
specified in Schedule I. (2) The strength of the service may be varied by the
Governor, from time to time, in consultation with the Court. (3)
Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-rule (1) and (2), the Governor may,
in consultation with the Court, hold any appointment to the service in abeyance
for such time as he deems fit, without thereby entitling any person to
compensation. 7. Principles and procedure to be followed.- For the purpose of
recruitment to the service, the following principles and procedure of
recruitment and promotion laid down by the Court shall be followed. 8. Sources
of Recruitment.- Recruitment to the service shall be made – (i) by promotion
from amongst the members of the Rajasthan Judicial Service; or (ii) by direct
recruitment from the advocates who have practiced in the Court or Courts
subordinate thereto for a period of not less than seven years. 9. Appointment
to the service.- (1) Subject to the provisions of these rules, appointment of
persons to the service shall be made by the Governor on the recommendation of
the Court made from time to time; provided that the number of persons appointed
to the -18 service by direct recruitment shall at no time exceed one third of
the total strength of the service. (2) Subject to the provisions of sub-rule
(1), after every three persons appointed by promotion, the fourth person shall,
as far as possible, be appointed by direct recruitment. If a suitable person is
not available for appointment by direct recruitment, the post may be filled by
promotion from amongst the members of the Rajasthan Judicial Service.” 3.2.
Rules 22 and 23 in Part-III dealt with ‘Temporary or officiating appointment’
and ‘Appointments to posts in the selection grade’ as under:- “22. Temporary or
officiating appointment.- On the occurrence of temporary or permanent vacancies
the Court shall recommend the Governor the names of the candidates from amongst
the persons who are eligible for appointment to the service by promotion under
clause (i) of rule 8, for temporary or officiating appointment. 23.
Appointments to posts in the selection Grade.- Appointments to the posts in the
selection grade of the service shall be made by the Governor in consultation
with the Court on the basis of merit.” 3.3. Part IV of 1969 Rules dealt with
‘Seniority’, ‘Probation’ and ‘Confirmation’. Rule 24 dealt with issue of
Seniority was as under:- “24. Seniority.- Subject to the other provisions of
these rules, seniority in the service shall be determined by the date of the
order of substantive appointment in a permanent vacancy including appointment
on probation under rule 25: Provided that a promoted officer who may have been
allowed to officiate continuously against a permanent -19 vacancy in the cadre
from a date, prior to the date of appointment of a direct recruit, shall, if he
is subsequently selected and substantively appointed in the service, take his
seniority in the cadre over such direct recruit: Provided further that the
seniority of candidates appointed to the service shall in the case of the
appointment of more persons than one to the service by an order of the same
date, follow the order in which their names have been recommended by the
Court.” Schedule-I to 1969 Rules dealt with ‘Strength of Service’, which was
stated to be 89 in the post of District & Sessions Judge and Additional
District Sessions Judge, which over a period of time got raised to 150. 4.
However, appointments in excess of the strength indicated in Schedule I to 1969
Rules, were made on various occasions. By Notification dated 31.03.2001 issued
under the provisions of the Ordinance and under Rule 6(2) of 1969 Rules, 40
Additional District and Sessions Courts were set up in the State for Fast Track
disposal of cases pending before the District Judges. By Notification dated
12.07.2002, 13 more Additional District and Sessions Courts were set up under
the aforesaid provisions of the Ordinance and 1969 Rules for Fast Track
disposal of cases pending before the District Courts. Further, 30 Additional
District and Sessions Courts were again set up on 17.04.2003 in pursuance of
aforesaid powers for Fast Track disposal of cases pending -20 before the
District Judges. Thus 83 Courts were created between 31.03.2001 and 17.04.2003
which are commonly known as Fast Track Courts and officers from the cadre of
Senior Civil Judges were promoted under Rule 22 of 1969 Rules to man these Fast
Track Courts. It may be mentioned that though the decision of this Court in
Brij Mohan Lal6 had indicated three sources from which the candidates could be
appointed to man the Fast Track Courts, in the State of Rajasthan candidates
were drawn only from one source namely through adhoc/officiating promotions to
the persons from the feeder cadre viz. Senior Civil Judges Cadre. There was no
appointment of any retired Judge or by way of recruitment from the Bar. 5. By
Order dated 07.05.2003 issued in compliance of directions of this Court in All
India Judges Association and others versus Union of India and Others1 and in
accordance with the recommendation of First National Judicial Pay Commission,
71 posts were acknowledged to be in “Selection Scale” while 29 posts were found
to be in “Super Time Scale” in the Higher Judicial Service for the year
2002-2003. 6. On 20.10.2003, a Notification was issued by the High Court
notifying 19 vacansies for Direct Recruitment to the Higher Judicial -21
Service. Out of these 19 vacancies, 11 were shown as current vacancies while 8
were shown as backlog vacancies. A challenge was raised in this Court by way of
Writ Petition (Civil) No.576 of 2003 by the Association submitting inter alia
that there were no vacancies for Direct Recruits and as such the Notification
dated 20.10.2003 was invalid. It was also submitted that as on the date, 220
officers were functioning in the cadre of District Judges and Additional
District Judges. 7. On 13.12.2004, 22 Judicial Officers from the cadre of
Senior Civil Judge were promoted as Additional District and Sessions Judges
(Fast Track). 8. The matters concerning regular promotion to be granted to the
level of District Judge including whether those who were promoted as Additional
District and Sessions Judge (Fast Track) under Rule 22 of 1969 Rules were being
considered by the High Court. A report of a Committee constituted to consider
said issues was submitted on 23.08.2008. The matter was then placed before the
Full Court on 29.11.2008 and thereafter the matter stood deferred to
13.02.2009, 31.10.2009 and to 23.03.2010 successively. -22 9. By order dated
11.01.2008, some Judicial Officers, including the petitioners in Writ Petition
(Civil) No.464 of 2019, were promoted as Additional District and Sessions
Judges on Ad-hoc basis to man the Fast Track Courts. The order stated as
under:- “On the recommendation of Rajasthan High Court, H.E. the Governor of
State of Rajasthan is pleased to appoint/promote the following 37 officers in
the cadre of R.H.J.S. as Additional District and Sessioins Judges on purely
ad-hoc basis to man the temporary Fast Track Courts”. 9.1 A consequential order
was thereafter passed on 11.03.2008 directing transfer/posting of said Judicial
Officers in the rank of Additional District and Sessions Judges (Fast Track).
9.2 In terms of the decision of Full Court in its Meeting dated 29.11.2008, the
period of probation of 34 out of said 37 Judicial Officers appointed by Order
dated 11.01.2008 was extended till further orders. 10. On 07.07.2009, the
challenge raised by the Association in Writ Petition (Civil) No.576 of 2003 was
decided by this Court vide its decision in Rajasthan Judicial Service Officers’
Association v. State of Rajasthan and Another11. It was observed by this Court
that the sanctioned strength in terms of 1969 Rules was only 150 and as against
25% posts which could 11 (2009) 14 SCC 656 -23 be filled up by Direct
Recruitment, 41 Direct Recruits were already working in the Higher Judicial
Service. It was, therefore, concluded that there was no substantive vacancy
available for Direct Recruits. The petition was allowed and the Notification
dated 20.10.2003 was set aside. The relevant observations of this Court were as
under:- “8. According to the petitioner, the total cadre strength of RHJS is
150 and there are already 41 direct recruits working in RHJS. Since the total
cadre strength is 150 and since 25% of the posts were directed by the High
Court to be filled in by direct recruitment, there were no vacant posts
available for direct recruits since 25% of 150 is 37, while 41 direct recruits
were already working in RHJS. The petitioner also submitted that if 19
vacancies should be treated as 25% of the direct recruitment then there must be
at least 57 fresh appointments in RHJS by promotion, but that has not been
done. … … … 11. In our opinion, as held by us in Veena Verma case, the cadre
strength is only 150 and not 240 because the strength of the service is as per
Rule 6(2) of the Rajasthan Higher Judicial Service Rules as mentioned in
Schedule I to the Rules. Until and unless the Schedule is amended in accordance
with Rule 6(2) the strength of the service cannot be varied, as held by us in
Veena Verma case12. As yet, we are told, no order has been passed under Rule
6(2). 12. We have also perused the counter-affidavit filed by the State of
Rajasthan and also the rejoinderaffidavit filed in the case. It is stated in
Para 3 of the rejoinder-affidavit that the impugned notification is in
violation of the stay order dated 28-9-2000 in Special Leave Petition No. 9346
of 1999, staying the operation of the order dated 30-4-1999 in DB (C) Spl.
Application No. 410 of 1998. It is stated in Para 6 of -24 the
rejoinder-affidavit that there are as on date 220 officers functioning in the
cadre of District Judges and Additional District Judges and as such there are
no existing vacancies. 13. In our opinion, this writ petition has to be
allowed. In view of our decision in Veena Verma case12 it has to be held that
under the existing Rule the strength of the service of RHJS is 150 and since
there are 41 direct recruits already working, there is no substantive vacancy.
Hence the impugned notification is illegal and deserves to be quashed. The writ
petition is allowed and the impugned notification is quashed. However, we make
it clear that it is open to the State Government in consultation with the High
Court to amend Schedule I to the Rules in accordance with Rule 6(2) and thereby
vary the strength of the service. 14. The petitioner has filed this writ
petition seeking a direction to the respondents to complete the selection
process initiated under Notification No. Estt. (RJS)/118/2003 dated 20-10-2003.
As we have quashed the said notification in WP (C) No. 576 of 2003, this writ
petition [WP (C) No. 275 of 2007] is dismissed as having become infructuous.”
11. On the same day, a decision was rendered by this Court in High Court of
Judicature For Rajasthan v. Veena Verma and another12 , which inter alia
considered whether Notification dated 21.12.1996 inviting applications for 11
posts in the Higher Judicial Service in the State of Rajasthan by Direct
Recruitment was valid. It was observed that 11 posts were not available for
Direct Recruitment. While dealing with the challenge, it was observed, 12
(2009) 14 SCC 734 -25 “33. It may be mentioned that posts can be created dehors
the cadre of a service, and these are known as ex cadre posts. The posts
created without a specific order under Rule 6(2) are ex cadre posts. Hence in
our opinion the temporary or permanent vacancies or posts created beyond the
number of posts in Schedule I without a specific order under Rule 6(2) varying
Schedule I to the Rules are only ex cadre posts, and can only be filled in by
promotees, and not by direct recruitment. 34. It may be noted that Rule 9(2)
uses the words “as far as possible”. In our opinion, this means that there is
no hard-and-fast rule that after every three persons appointed by promotion,
the fourth person has to be appointed by direct recruitment. In our opinion,
the Division Bench of the High Court has given a wrong interpretation of Rule
9(2) of the Rules by observing: “it does not give a licence to the respondents
to refuse to appoint every fourth person by direct recruitment on the ground
that it was not possible for any other reason than the maintenance of the limit
of one-third of the total strength imposed by sub-rule (1) of Rule 9 on direct
recruitment”. In our opinion this is a wrong view taken by the Division Bench
of the High Court as is evident from the words “as far as possible” in Rule
9(2). These words give a discretion to the authorities, and the Court cannot
interfere with this discretion, unless it is palpably arbitrary. [Emphasis
supplied] 35. In our opinion, the Division Bench of the High Court erred in law
in holding that for the purpose of direct recruitment the temporary or
permanent posts created outside the cadre without amending Schedule I were also
to be included while calculating the strength of the Service. The Division
Bench also erred -26 in holding that whenever posts are created, the strength
of the Service is deemed to have been automatically increased although there is
no order under Rule 6(2) in this connection amending Schedule I. In our
opinion, there has to be a specific order under Rule 6(2) amending Schedule I
otherwise it cannot be said that the strength of the cadre has been increased.
Hence, in our opinion, the temporary or permanent posts created outside the
cadre cannot be taken into consideration for determining the strength of the
cadre.” 12. On 18.01.2010, in exercise of the powers conferred by Articles 233
and 234 read with proviso to Article 309 of the Constitution of India, the
Governor of Rajasthan in consultation with the Rajasthan Public Service
Commission and the High Court made Rules for regulating recruitment to the
posts in, and the conditions and other matters related to the service of
persons appointed to the Rajasthan Judicial Service. The Rules are called Rajasthan
Judicial Service Rules, 2010 (“2010 Rules”, for short). 12.1 The terms,
“Cadre”, “Cadre Post”, “Member of the Service” and “Substantive appointment”
are defined in clauses (b), (c), (g) and (l) of Rule 3 as under: “Rule 3:
Definitions (b) “Cadre” means the cadre of District Judge, Senior Civil Judge
and Civil Judge as provided under Rule 5 of Part-II of these Rules; (c) “Cadre
Post” means any post specified in Schedule-I; -27 (g) “Member of the Service”
means a person appointed substantively to a post in the service under the
provisions of these Rules; and (l) “Substantive appointment” means an
appointment made under the provisions of these rules to a substantive vacancy
after due selection by any of the methods of recruitment prescribed under these
Rules and includes an appointment on probation followed by confirmation on
completion of the probation period.” 12.2 Part-II of 2010 Rules deals with
“Cadre” and Rule 5 stipulates that on and from the date of commencement of the
Rules, the Rajasthan Judicial Service shall stand re-constituted and
re-designated into following three cadres: (A) District Judges (B) Senior Civil
Judge, and (C) Civil Judge. Rule 6 deals with “Strength of the Service” and is
to the following effect. “(1) The Strength of the Service in each cadre and
number of other posts shall be determined by the Government from time to time,
in consultation with the Court and the existing posts in each cadre in the
service shall be as specified in Schedule-I. (2) The strength of other posts
manned by the members of the service shall be as specified in Schedule-II
unless any order varying the same is issued under sub-rule(1): -28 Provided
that the State Government may, in consultation with the Court, create any
permanent or temporary post from time to time as may be considered necessary
and may abolish any such post or posts in the like manner without thereby
conferring any right on any person for any type of claim.” 12.3. Part-III of
2010 Rules deals with subject “General Conditions” and Rules 7, 8 and 15 are as
under :- “7. Determination of vacancies: (1) subject to the provisions of these
rules, the Court shall determine and notify the actual number of existing and
expected vacancies in each cadre as per the time schedule specified in
Schedule-III. (2) Where the vacancies in the cadre are to be filled in by a
single method, the vacancies so determined shall be filled by that method. (3)
Where the vacancies in the cadre are to be filled in by more than one method,
the apportionment of vacancies determined under sub-rule (1), to each such
method shall be done maintaining the prescribed percentage for the particular
method taking into account consideration the overall number of posts already
filled in: Provided that the apportionment for filling up vacancies in the
cadre of District Judge, shall be made in a cyclic order of respective quota of
each category, i.e. Promotee on the basis of merit-cum-seniority, Promotee on
the basis of Limited Competitive Examination and the Direct Recruitee. 8.
Examination:- For filling up of vacancies in the cadre of District Judge and
Civil Judge, examination shall be conducted by the Recruiting Authority as per
the time Schedule specified in Schedule III. … … … -29 15. Temporary or
officiating appointments:- On occurrence of temporary or permanent vacancy, in
the cadre of District Judge or the Senior Civil Judge, as the case may be, not
taken into consideration at the time of determining the vacancies under Rule 7
and if in the opinion of the Court such vacancy is to be filled in immediately,
the Court shall recommend to the Appointing Authority the names of the persons
eligible for appointment maximum for a period of one year and such appointment
shall not confer any rights upon the person so appointed.” 12.4. Part IV deals
with “Methods of Recruitment” under which “Recruitment to the cadre of Civil
Judge” and “Recruitment to the cadre of Senior Civil Judge” are dealt with in
Rules 16 to 30 of sub-Parts A and B, while “Recruitment to the cadre of
District Judge” is dealt with under sub-Part C. Rule 31 deals with source of
recruitment, as under:- “31. Source of recruitment: (1) Fifty percent posts in
the cadre of District Judge shall be filled in by promotion from amongst Senior
Civil Judges on the basis of merit-cum-seniority subject to passing of
suitability test as provided under Schedule-IV. (2) Twenty five percent posts
in the cadre of District Judge shall be filled in by promotion from Senior
Civil Judges strictly on the basis of merit through limited competitive
examination conducted by the Court. (3) Twenty Five percent posts in the cadre
of District Judge shall be filled in by direct recruitment from amongst the
eligible Advocates on the basis of written examination and interview conducted
by the Court. (4) For the purpose of proper maintenance and determination of
seniority of persons appointed -30 through the aforesaid sources, a roster for
filling of vacancies based on quota of vacancies reserved herein-above, as
given in Schedule-VII shall be maintained. This roster shall operate
prospectively.” 12.5. Thereafter the relevant subjects are dealt with under
three subheads named as (I) Promotion, (II) Direct Recruitment and (III)
Appointment. Rule 32 dealing with the “Recruitment by Promotion” is as under:
“32. Recruitment by promotion:- (1) Fifty percent posts in the Cadre of
District Judge shall be filled in by promotion from amongst Senior Civil Judges
recommended by the Court, on the basis of meritcum-seniority, subject to
passing of suitability test as provided in Schedule-VI. Explanation:
“Qualifying the eligibility test shall not affect the inter-se-seniority of the
officers in the Cadre of Senior Civil Judge. (2) The recruitment in the cadre
of District Judges under sub-rule (2) of rule 31 shall be made by a Limited Competitive
Examination conducted by the Court in accordance with the scheme of the
examination prescribed under Schedule-VIII. (3) A Senior Civil Judge who has
completed actual five years service as on the first day of January preceding
the last date fixed for the receipt of the applications shall be eligible for
appearing in the Limited Competitive Examination for promotion to the Cadre of
District Judge. (4) For the purpose of Limited Competitive Examination,
applications shall be invited by the Court from all eligible Senior Civil
Judges in such -31 manner and in such form as may be specified by the Court.
(5) Candidates who have obtained minimum 50% marks in the Limited Competitive
Examination shall be eligible for interview by a Committee consisting of Chief
Justice, Administrative Judge and two other Judges nominated by the Chief
Justice. The Committee taking into consideration the performance at
examination, the service record and the performance at the interview shall
assess the suitability and recommend the names of the offices for promotion.”
12.6 Part-D deals with “Probation”, “Confirmation” and “Seniority”. Sub-heading
dealing with “Appointment” deals with issue of combined Select List as under:
“42. Combined Select List: The Court shall prepare a combined select list
putting the names of candidates in cyclic as provided in Schedule-VII from the
lit prepared under sub-rule (1) and (5) of Rules 32 and 41 and send it to the
Appointing Authority.” 12.7 The issue of seniority is dealt with by Rule 47 as
under: “47. Seniority: Subject to the other provisions of these Rules: (1)
Seniority in the service in the cadre of Civil Judge shall be determined from
the date of the order of substantive appointment to the service: Provided that
the seniority of candidates appointed to the service shall, in the case of
appointment of more persons than one follow the order in which they have been
placed in the list prepared by the Recruiting Authority under Rule 24 of these
Rules. (2) Inter-se seniority of persons promoted to the Senior Civil Judge
cadre in the same year shall be -32 the same as it was in the post held by them
at the time of promotion. (3) Seniority of persons appointed to the Service in
the District Judge cadre by direct recruitment shall be determined from the
date of the order of substantive appointment in the cadre. Provided that the
seniority of direct recruitee to the cadre, in the case of appointment of more
persons than one by an order of the same selection, shall follow the order in
which they have been placed in the list prepared by the Court under rule 41.
(4) Inter-se seniority of persons promoted to the District Judge cadre in the
same year shall be the same as it was in the post held by them at the time of
promotion. (5) The seniority of direct recruitee vis-a-vis the promote
appointed to the cadre of District Judge shall be determined in the order of
their names placed in the combined select list prepared under Rule 42: Provided
that the persons promoted under Rule 15 shall not be given seniority over the
direct recruitee.” 12.8 Rule 57 repealed 1969 Rules and made provisions for
saving certain actions as under: “57. Repeal and savings: The Rajasthan Highter
Judicial Service Rules, 1969 and the Rajasthan Judicial Service Rules, 1955, as
amended from time to time, are hereby repealed: Provided that such repeal shall
not affect any order made, action taken, effects and consequences of -33
anything done or suffered there under or any right, privilege, obligation or
liability already acquired, accrued or incurred there under, or enquiry,
verification, or proceedings in respect thereof made.” 12.9 Schedule I which is
referable to Rule 3(c) and Rule 6(1) of the Rules deals with topic “Cadre
Strength of the Service” and Part A deals with “District Judge Cadre” which
enumerates various designations in said cadre aggregating to 223 and earmarks
10% reserve for leave, training, deputation etc.; thus taking the grand total
to 245. Parts B and C of this Schedule deal with “Senior Civil Judge Cadre” and
“Civil Judge Cadre” and set out the strength at 222 and 329 respectively. 12.10
Schedule II which is referable to Rule 6(2) of 2010 Rules deals with topic
“Strength of the Service”. Part-A thereof enumerates various designations and
the appropriate strength for the concerned posts in “District Judge Cadre”, in
which 102 posts are mentioned including 83 “Additional District Judges (Fast Tracks)”.
In the same Schedule, Parts B and C deal with “Senior Civil Judge Cadre” and
“Civil Judge Cadre” respectively and the strength noted against said two parts
is 7 and 4 respectively. -34 12.11 Schedule VII which is referable to Rule
31(4) sets out the Roster for “filling up vacancies in the District Judge Cadre
by direct recruitment and by promotion.” First four points in the Roster are as
under: 1. By promotion-merit-cum-seniority 2. By promotion-merit-cum-seniority
3. By promotion-Limited Competitive Examination 4. By direct recruitment. Said
pattern is then followed in succession13 . 13. On 31.03.2010 a Notification was
issued by the High Court notifying 58 vacancies to be filled in the cadre of
District Judge. Out of 58 vacancies so notified, 36 vacancies were to be filled
by the Direct Recruitment from the Bar while remaining 22 vacancies were to be
filled by promotion through LCE as provided in Rules 7, 8, 32(1) and 40(1)
along with Schedule-II to 2010 Rules. In this recruitment, no provision was
made for 50% promotion quota meant for Promotees. Thereafter, a Notification
was issued on 15.04.2010 inviting applications from Senior Civil Judges who had
completed five years of actual service for being considered for 22 posts in the
cadre of the District Judge to be filled by LCE and for filling up 36 vacancies
through Direct Recruitment. 13 The pattern was thereafter modified vide
Notification dated 31.08.2012 although the ratio between three sources was kept
intact. -35 14. In Malik Mazhar Sultan and others v. U.P. Public Service
Commission7 , an affidavit was filed on behalf of the High Court in I.A. No. 73
of 2009. The stand taken by the High Court in said affidavit was as under:- “2.
It is submitted that in compliance of the directions of Hon’ble Court dated
21.03.2002 passed in All India Judges Association Vs. UOI & Ors. (AIR 2002
SC 1752 +2002 (4) SCC 247), new Rules for State Judicial Service, namely
“Rajasthan State Judicial Service Rules 2003” (hereinafter referred to as draft
Rules of 2003) were being framed, wherein provision of various modes of
Recruitment/Promotion as approved and directed by this Hon’ble Court had been
incorporated. 3. In the draft Rules, 2003 a time bound schedule for recruitment
of the Judicial Officers was also provided, which was more or less on the same
lines as directed by the Hon’ble Court in this matter. However, there was
variation between dates specified in the calendar provided in Schedule-III of
the draft Rules of 2003 and time schedule prescribed by the Hon’ble Court. As
such, the time schedule prescribed by the Hon’ble Court could be implemented
only after amending the Draft Rules, 2003 and due promulgation of the same.
Amendment in the Draft Rules of 2003 would have further required, approval of
the Full Court of the High Court and consultation with the Rajasthan Public
Service Commission resulting in further delay in due promulgation of the Draft
Rules of 2003. Therefore, an application dated 11.07.2008 for direction and
modification was preferred by the Rajasthan High Court before the Hon’ble Court
and it was prayed that the Hon’ble Court may be pleased:- (a) to allow the
application and permit the applicant/Rajasthan High Court to follow the
calendar as annexed in Schedule-III of the draft of Rules, 2003 after due promulgation
thereof; and -36 (b) to grant exemption to the applicant from implementing the
time Schedule as prescribed by the Hon’ble Court vide it’s order dated
04.01.2007 till draft Rules 2003 are finalized and duly promulgated. This
application for directions and modification was registered as I.A. No.39. Copy
of the same is annexed herewith and marked as Annexure-R1. 4. It is submitted
that while I.A. No.39 preferred by the Rajasthan High Court was pending
consideration, in pursuance of order dated 24.07.2008 passed by this Hon’ble
Court, a factual report on behalf of Rajasthan High Court with regard to
filling of vacancies in subordinate judiciary in the format prescribed by the
Hon’ble Court was filed by the answering respondent through an affidavit dated
27.08.2008. True copy of the same is annexed herewith and marked as
ANNEXURE-R-2. 5. It is submitted that while considering the factual report with
regard to filling of vacancies in subordinate judiciary filed by the Rajasthan
High Court through the affidavit dated 27.08.2008 (Annexure-R-2), the Hon’ble
Court vide its order dated 23.09.2008 (Annexure-A-1) dismissed the I.A. No.39
preferred by the Rajasthan High Court. 6. It is submitted that meanwhile the
Draft Rules 2003, incorporating the time schedule prescribed by the Hon’ble
Court and other necessary amendments were renamed as “Rajasthan Judicial
Service Rules, 2010” (hereinafter to be referred as Rules, 2010) and the same
have been duly promulgated and come into force w.e.f. the date of its
publication in Rajasthan Gazette i.e.19.01.2010. 7. It is submitted that: on
the date of submission of the IA i.e. 10.10.2009, there were 75 vacancies in
the cadre of Rajasthan Higher Judicial Service and 33 vacancies in the cadre of
Civil Judge (Sr. Division). 8. It is submitted that a report dated 23.08.2008
of a Committee of Hon’ble Judges, constituted by the -37 Hon’ble Chief Justice
to consider the matter regarding promotions in the cadre of District Judge on
the post of Additional District & Sessions Judge (regular), Additional
District & Sessions Judge (Fast Track) and from the post of Civil Judge
(Jr. Division) to the post of Civil Judge (Sr. Division), recommending
promotions in these cadres was placed before the Hon’ble Full Court in its
meeting held on 29.11.2008, 13.02.2009 and 31.10.2009 but due to difference of
opinion, the report of the Hon’ble Committee could not be approved by the Full
Court. However, Hon’ble Full Court in its meeting held on 31.10.2009 approved
the report of the Hon’ble Committee dated 23.08.2008 to the extent of making
promotion of 33 officers from the post of Civil Judge (Jr. Division) to the
post of Civil Judge (Sr. Division). Consequently, 33 officers have been
promoted from the post of Civil Judge (Jr. Division) to that of Civil Judge
(Sr. Division) vide order dated 30.11.2009. Copy of order dated 30.11.2009 is
annexed herewith and marked as ANNEXURE-R/3. 9. It is submitted that the report
dated 23.08.2008 of the Hon’ble Committee regarding grant of promotions to the
post of Additional District & Sessions Judge (regular) and Additional
District & Sessions Judge (Fast Track) was again placed for consideration
before the Hon’ble Full Court in its meeting held on 20.03.2010. Whereupon it
was Resolved that the report requires reconsideration by the Promotion
Committee after considering the service record for subsequent period also and
the report of the Promotion Committee be placed before the Hon’ble Full Court
by circulation. Pursuant to the Full Court Resolution, Hon’ble Committee convened
its meeting on 05-06.04.2010 and submitted its report, suggesting amendment in
Rule 15 of the Rajasthan Judicial Service Rules, 2010. This report of the
Hon’ble Committee was placed before the Hon’ble Full Court in its meeting held
on 10.04.2010 whereupon it was Resolved to defer the matter regarding amendment
in Rule 15 of Rajasthan Judicial Service Rules, 2010 and also Resolved to again
-38 request the Committee to reconsider the matter regarding promotion as per
Full Court Resolution dated 20.03.2010. It is submitted that pursuant to the
aforesaid Resolution the meeting of Hon’ble Committee has been fixed on
12.04.2010 and 13.04.2010. 10. It is submitted that after the judgment dated
07.07.2009 rendered by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Civil Appeal No.5699/2000
High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan vs. Veena Verma & Ors. and the
judgment of the same date rendered by the Hon’ble Court in Writ Petition Civil
No.576/2003 RJS Officers Asson. Vs. State of Rajasthan & Ors. the matter of
determination of vacancies for direct recruitment in Rajasthan Higher Judicial
Service was placed before the Hon’ble Full Court vide Circulation Case
No.10/2009 on 18.07.2009 and on account of different opinion of Hon’ble Judges,
on 16.09.2009 the Hon’ble Chief Justice directed to put up the file later. In
the meanwhile, Rajasthan Judicial Service Rules, 2010 came into force w.e.f.
19.01.2010. Therefore, the matter regarding consideration of vacancies in each
cadre under the Rules of 2010 was considered by the Hon’ble Full Court in its
meeting held on 24.01.2010 and the same was resolved to be deferred. The matter
was again placed before the Hon’ble Full Court in its meeting held on
20.03.2010 and as per Rajasthan Judicial Service Rules, 2010, the category wise
vacancy in the District Judge Cadre upto 31.03.2011 has been resolved to be
determined as under – (a) By promoting - 49 (b) By limited competitive
examination - 22 (c) By direct recruitment - 36 … … …” 15. The matter in
respect of consideration of the Report of the Committee with respect to
promotion of Additional District and Sessions Judges, including those who were
manning Fast Track Courts, was taken -39 up by the Full Court on 23.03.2010. In
March-April 2010, the Report of the Committee and records of the services rendered
by all the concerned candidates were considered by the High Court and
substantive absorption of those who were promoted to Fast Track Court and
promotion of some candidates to the cadre of District Judge on substantive
basis was approved by the Full Court. 16. On 21.04.2010 a formal Order was
issued by the State Government in view of the recommendation made by the High
Court in its Resolution dated 12/13.04.2010 promoting 47 Judicial Officers who
were manning Fast Track Courts to the level of Additional District Judges in
accordance with the recommendation made by the Committee in its Report dated
23.08.2008 (“the 47 Judicial Officers”, for short). It must be noted that the
47 Judicial Officers were not intimated by the High Court that they could appear
at LCE to be conducted in pursuance of the Notification dated 15.04.2010. The
Order recited as under:- “On the recommendation of Rajasthan High Court, H.E.
the Government of State of Rajasthan is pleased to appoint/promote the
following 47 officers as Additional District and Sessions Judges in the
District Judge Cadre.” On the same day i.e. on 21.04.2010 another Order was
issued promoting 49 Senior Civil Judges, including the petitioner in Writ
Petition -40 (Civil) No.1008 of 2019, as Additional District and Sessions
Judges on adhoc basis to man the Fast Track Courts. 17. The candidates who had
applied in pursuance of the Notification dated 15.04.2010 appeared at the
written examination held on 30.06.2010 and the successful candidates were then
called for interview. However, by communication dated 04.09.2010 interviews
were postponed sine die. Later, by Notification dated 22.09.2010 which was
issued in pursuance of the Resolution of the Full Court, the entire examination
process for recruitment by Direct Recruitment and through LCE was directed to
be held afresh. 18. A Notification was issued on 31.03.2011 renotifying the
number of vacancies available for Direct Recruitment and for promotion through
LCE. Said Notification was as under:- “RAJASTHAN HIGH COURT JODHPUR
NOTIFICATION As per the determination of vacancies for the current year &
the strength of District Judge cadre being 245, the vacancies in the District
Judge cadre as hereby notified as under:- Vacancies for Direct Recruitment - 37
Vacancies for promotion by Limited Competitive Examination - 22 Vacancies for
promotion - 24 -41 In case the cadre strength is revised to 255, the vacancies
would be as under:- Vacancies for Direct Recruitment - 39 Vacancies for
promotion by Limited Competitive Examination - 22 Vacancies for promotion - 33”
18.1. On the same day i.e. on 31.03.2011 two Orders were passed by the High
Court; one abolishing 40 Fast Track Courts while the other directed
continuation of the others “on ad-hoc basis as against the available vacant posts”
till the matter was considered for regular promotion. The Order stated:-
“Consequent upon abolition of 40 ADJ (FT) Courts vide Government Notification
No.F.10(4) Nyay/98/Part dt. 31.3.2011, the following officers shown at SI.
No.01 to 39 working as ADJ (FT) are continued on ad hoc basis as against the
available vacant posts till the matter is considered for regular promotion in
accordance with Rules and are transferred/ posted as mentioned below. The
officers shown at S.No.40 to 53 are also transferred / posted as mentioned
below:-….” 19. A Bench of three Judges of this Court after noting its earlier
Judgment in All India Judges’ Association vs. Union of India and Others1
modified certain directions contained therein by its Order dated 20.04.20109 .
The relevant paragraphs have already been quoated in paragraph 2.6 hereinabove.
-42 20. On 10.06.2011, appropriate amendments were effected in 2010 Rules to
fix the quota for Promotees at 65% in accordance with the aforesaid Order dated
20.04.20109 issued by this Court and raising the cadre strength of District
Judges from 245 to 255. 21. In Brij Mohan Lal v. Union of India and Others14 ,
this Court inter alia dealt with two Transferred Cases, one arising from Writ
Petition filed in the High Court of Punjab and Haryana seeking directions to
stop the scheme and policy of appointment of retired District and Sessions
Judges as Ad-hoc Judges of the Fast Track Courts and the other filed in the
High Court of Andhra Pradesh seeking declaration that constitution of Fast
Track Courts was unconstitutional and consequently be set aside. This Court
considered the entire scheme as well as the relevant provisions in various
States and considered diverse submissions. One of the questions raised by this
Court was:- “Whether any of the appointees to the post of ad hoc Judges under
the FTC Scheme have a right to the post in the context of the facts of the
present case?” 21.1 Thereafter, the letters of appointment issued to various
appointees including those from the State of Rajasthan were considered and
while 14 (2012) 6 SCC 502 -43 dealing with the issue of regularization of
service rendered by the Judicial Officers’ manning Fast Track Courts, it was
observed:- “172. The prayer for regularisation of service and absorption of the
petitioner appointees against the vacancies appearing in the regular cadre has
been made not only in cases involving the case of the State of Orissa, but even
in other States. Absorption in service is not a right. Regularisation also is
not a statutory or a legal right enforceable by the persons appointed under
different rules to different posts. Regularisation shall depend upon the facts
and circumstances of a given case as well as the relevant rules applicable to
such class of persons.” 21.2 In so far as the State of Rajasthan is concerned,
it was observed:- “177. In the case of State of Rajasthan, it is the judicial
officers from the cadre of Civil Judge, Senior Division, who were promoted as
FTC Judges. They have continued to hold those posts for a considerable period.
According to these petitioners, they were promoted to the Higher Judicial
Services as per the Rules and, therefore, keeping in view the order of this
Court in Madhumita Das15 as well as the very essence of the FTC Scheme, they
should be absorbed as members of the regular cadre of Higher Judicial Services
of the State of Rajasthan. The State Government had issued a directive that
they should undertake the limited competitive examination for their regular
promotion/absorption in the higher cadre. These officers questioned the
correctness of this directive on the ground that they were promoted as
Additional Sessions Judges (FTC) under the Rules and, therefore, there was no
question of any further requirement for them to take any written examination
after the long years of service that they have already put in in the Higher
Judicial Services. 15 (2008) 6 SCC 731 -44 178. The Rajasthan Judicial Service
Rules, 2010 are in force for appointment to the Higher Judicial Services of the
State. The judgment of this Court in All India Judges’ Assn. (3) case1 as well
as the relevant Rules contemplate that a person who is to be directly appointed
to the Higher Judicial Services has to undergo a written examination and appear
in an interview before he can be appointed to the said cadre. As far as
appointment by promotion is concerned, the promotion can be made by two
different modes i.e. on the basis of seniority-cummerit or through out-of-turn
promotion wherein any Civil Judge, Senior Division who has put in five years of
service is required to take a competitive examination and then to the extent of
25% of the vacancies available, such Judges would be promoted to the Higher
Judicial Services. 179. It was admitted before us by the learned counsel
appearing for the petitioners that these officers who were promoted as ad hoc
FTC Judges had not taken any written competitive examination before their
promotion to this post under the Higher Judicial Services. In other words, they
were promoted on ad hoc basis depending on the availability of vacancy in FTCs.
Once the Rules required a particular procedure to be adopted for promotion to
the regular posts of the Higher Judicial Services, then the competent authority
can effect the promotion only by that process and none other. In view of the
admitted fact that these officers have not taken any written examination, we
see no reason as to how the challenge made by these judicial officers to the
directive issued by the State Government for undertaking of written examination
may be sustained. Thus, the relief prayed for cannot be granted in its
entirety.” 21.3 Finally, following directions were issued in paragraph 207:-
“207. Without any intent to interfere with the policy decision taken by the
Governments, but -45 unmistakably, to protect the guarantees of Article 21 of
the Constitution, to improve the justice delivery system and fortify the
independence of judiciary, while ensuring attainment of constitutional goals as
well as to do complete justice to the lis before us, in terms of Article 142 of
the Constitution, we pass the following orders and directions: 207.1. Being a
policy decision which has already taken effect, we decline to strike down the
policy decision of the Union of India vide Letter dated 14-9- 2010 not to finance
the FTC Scheme beyond 31-3- 2011. 207.2. All the States which have taken a
policy decision to continue the FTC Scheme beyond 31-3- 2011 shall adhere to
the respective dates as announced, for example in the cases of States of Orissa
(March 2013), Haryana (March 2016), Andhra Pradesh (March 2012) and Rajasthan
(February 2013). 207.3. The States which are in the process of taking a policy
decision on whether or not to continue the FTC Scheme as a permanent feature of
administration of justice in the respective States are free to take such a
decision. 207.4. It is directed that all the States, henceforth, shall not take
a decision to continue the FTC Scheme on ad hoc and temporary basis. The States
are at liberty to decide but only with regard either to bring the FTC Scheme to
an end or to continue the same as a permanent feature in the State. 207.5. The
Union of India and the State Governments shall reallocate and utilise the funds
apportioned by the 13th Finance Commission and/or make provisions for such additional
funds to ensure regularisation of the FTC Judges in the manner indicated and/or
for creation of additional courts as directed in this judgment. -46 207.6. All
the decisions taken and recommendations made at the Chief Justices and Chief
Ministers’ Conference shall be placed before the Cabinet of the Centre or the
State, as the case may be, which alone shall have the authority to finally
accept, modify or decline the implementation of such decisions and, that too,
upon objective consideration and for valid reasons. Let the minutes of the
Conference of 2009, at least now, be placed before the Cabinet within three
months from the date of pronouncement of this judgment for its information and
appropriate action. 207.7. No decision, recommendation or proposal made by the
Chief Justices and Chief Ministers’ Conference shall be rejected or declined or
varied at any bureaucratic level, in the hierarchy of the Governments, whether
in the State or the Centre. 207.8. We hereby direct that it shall be for the
Central Government to provide funds for carrying out the directions contained
in this judgment and, if necessary, by reallocation of funds already allocated
under the 13th Finance Commission for judiciary. We further direct that for
creation of additional 10% posts of the existing cadre, the burden shall be
equally shared by the Centre and the State Governments and funds be provided without
any undue delay so that the courts can be established as per the schedule
directed in this judgment. 207.9. All the persons who have been appointed by
way of direct recruitment from the Bar as Judges to preside over FTCs under the
FTC Scheme shall be entitled to be appointed to the regular cadre of the Higher
Judicial Services of the respective States only in the following manner: (a)
The direct recruits to FTCs who opt for regularisation shall take a written
examination to be conducted by the High Courts of the -47 respective States for
determining their suitability for absorption in the regular cadre of Additional
District Judges. (b) Thereafter, they shall be subjected to an interview by a
Selection Committee consisting of the Chief Justice and four seniormost Judges
of that High Court. (c) There shall be 150 marks for the written examination
and 100 marks for the interview. The qualifying marks shall be 40% aggregate
for general candidates and 35% for SC/ST/OBC candidates. The examination and
interview shall be held in accordance with the relevant Rules enacted by the
States for direct appointment to Higher Judicial Services. (d) Each of the
appointees shall be entitled to one mark per year of service in the FTCs, which
shall form part of the interview marks. (e) Needless to point out that this
examination and interview should be conducted by the respective High Courts
keeping in mind that all these applicants have put in a number of years as FTC
Judges and have served the country by administering justice in accordance with
law. The written examination and interview module, should, thus, be framed
keeping in mind the peculiar facts and circumstances of these cases. (f) The
candidates who qualify the written examination and obtain consolidated
percentage as aforeindicated shall be appointed to the post of Additional
District Judge in the regular cadre of the State. (g) If, for any reason,
vacancies are not available in the regular cadre, we hereby direct the State
Governments to create such additional -48 vacancies as may be necessary keeping
in view the number of candidates selected. (h) All sitting and/or former FTC
Judges who were directly appointed from the Bar and are desirous of taking the
examination and interview for regular appointment shall be given age
relaxation. No application shall be rejected on the ground of age of the
applicant being in excess of the prescribed age. 207.10. The members of the Bar
who have directly been appointed but whose services were either dispensed with
or terminated on the ground of doubtful integrity, unsatisfactory work or
against whom, on any other ground, disciplinary action had been taken, shall
not be eligible to the benefits stated in para 207.9 of the judgment. 207.11.
Keeping in view the need of the hour and the constitutional mandate to provide
fair and expeditious trial to all litigants and the citizens of the country, we
direct the respective States and the Central Government to create 10% of the
total regular cadre of the State as additional posts within three months from
today and take up the process for filling such additional vacancies as per the
Higher Judicial Service and Judicial Services Rules of that State, immediately
thereafter. 207.12. These directions, of course, are in addition to and not in
derogation of the recommendations that may be made by the Law Commission of
India and any other order which may be passed by the courts of competent
jurisdiction, in other such matters. 207.13. The candidates from any State, who
were promoted as FTC Judges from the post of Civil Judge, Senior Division
having requisite experience in service, shall be entitled to be absorbed and
remain promoted to the Higher Judicial Services of that State subject to: -49
(a) Such promotion, when effected against the 25% quota for out-of-turn
promotion on merit, in accordance with the judgment of this Court in All India
Judges’ Assn. (3) 1, by taking and being selected through the requisite
examination, as contemplated for out-of-turn promotion. (b) If the appointee
has the requisite seniority and is entitled to promotion against 25% quota for
promotion by seniority-cum-merit, he shall be promoted on his own turn to the
Higher Judicial Services without any written examination. (c) While considering
candidates either under Category (a) or (b) above, due weightage shall be given
to the fact that they have already put in a number of years in service in the
Higher Judicial Services and, of course, with reference to their performance.
(d) All other appointees in this category, in the event of discontinuation of
the FTC Scheme, would revert to their respective posts in the appropriate
cadre.” 22. In the selection process undertaken pursuant to the Notification
dated 31.03.2011 for filling up vacancies through Direct Recruitment, LCE and
Promotion, only 9 candidates could clear LCE against 22 vacancies meant for
that category. This number got reduced to 8 as the candidature of one of the
successful candidates was not accepted. Resultantly, the unfilled vacancies
meant for LCE were added to the quota for Promotees and by -50 Government Order
dated 15.07.2013 appropriate Appointment Orders were issued. The text of the
Order was as under:- “In exercise of the powers conferred by Article 233(1) of
the Constitution of India read with Rule 43 of the Rajasthan Judicial Service
Rules, 2010, the Governor of the State of Rajasthan on the recommendation of
the Rajasthan High Court is pleased to appoint the following persons recruited
by promotion, limited competitive examination and direct recruitment to the Rajasthan
Judicial Service in the District Judge Cadre in the pay scale of
Rs.51550-1230-58930-1380-63070 [District Judge (Entry Level)] with such
allowances as are admissible as per rules and their pay shall be fixed as per
rules. The persons appointed by direct recruitment shall be placed on probation
for a period of two years from the date of assuming charge of their office as
per Rule 44 of the Rajasthan Judicial Service Rules, 2010:…” Thereafter, the
names of 87 candidates were mentioned and the names of 8 successful candidates
in LCE were at Sr. Nos. 10, 19, 30, 39, 50 59, 65 and 68. 23. In the meantime,
by Notification dated 31.03.2013 issued by the High Court, 58 vacancies were
determined for the years 2012-13 and 2013-14 in the cadre of District Judge.
This Notification also stated that in case the cadre strength was revised to
362, the vacancies in the cadre of District Judge would be 165. On 14.09.2013,
the strength of District Judge cadre was revised to 372. By Notification dated
01.04.2014 issued by the High Court, 204 vacancies were determined in the cadre
of District Judge -51 for the years 2012-13, 2013-14 and 2014-15. The relevant
portion of the Notification dated 01.04.2014 was as under:- “In suppression of
earlier notification No.Estt. (RJS)/06/2014 dated 15.01.2014, as per schedule I
of RJS rules 2010, the determination of vacancies in District Judge Cadre for
the year 2012-2013, 2013-14 and 2014-15 is hereby notified as under:- As per
cadre strength – 372 Total vacancies – 186 + 18* = 204 Vacancies for district
recruitment – 41 Vacancies for promotion by limited competitive examination –
29 Vacancies for promotion – 116 *Note:- 18 future vacancies (against 10% of
the total Number of vacancies) are not assigned to any category for the
present. However, these will be given as per roaster to the particular category
wherein any vacancy(ies) on account of death elevation, dismissal etc. will
arise.” 24. On 21.04.2014, 56 Senior Civil Judges were promoted as Additional
District and Sessions Judges on Ad-hoc basis. The Order recited as under. “On
the recommendation of Rajasthan High Court, H.E. the Governor of State of Rajasthan
is pleased to appoint the following 56 officers purely on ad-hoc basis as
Additional District and Sessions Judge in the District Judge cadre under Rule
15 of the Rajasthan Judicial Service Rules, 2010:-” The names of concerned 56
Judicial Officers were thereafter mentioned in the Order. -52 25. On 15.12.2014
a final seniority list of all the Judicial Officers who were then in service
and appointed under the provisions of 1969 Rules prior to 2008 (from Serial
Nos.1 to 205) was published. This seniority list is not under challenge and is
accepted to be correct by all the concerned. 26. A Notification was issued on
31.03.2015 by the High Court determining cumulative vacancies in the cadre of
District Judge for the years 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15 and 2015-16 as under:-
“In supersession of earlier Notification No.Estt. (RJS)/33/2014 dated
01.04.2014, as per Schedule-1 of RJS Rules, 2010, the cumulative vacancies in
District judge cadre for the years 2012-13, 2-13-14, 2014-15 & 2015-16 are
hereby determined and notified as under:- As per cadre strength 372 Total
Vacancies = 207+21 228 Vacancies for Direct Recruitment 44 Vacancies for promotion
by Limited Competitive Examination 29 Vacancies for promotion 134 *Note:- 21
future vacancies (against 10% of the total Number of vacancies) are not
assigned to any category for the present. However, these will be given as per
roster to the particular category wherein any vacancy (ies) on account of death
elevation, dismissal etc. will arise.” 26.1 Pursuant to the selection
undertaken thereafter by Order dated 05.02.2016, 175 candidates were appointed
to the cadre of District Judge, -53 which included recruitment through
Promotion, LCE and Direct Recruitment, . The Order stated :- “i. This Select
List in cyclic order has been prepared of the candidates being recommended for
appointment while leaving one post unfilled for a candidate Shri. Akhilesh
Kumar selected through Direct Recruitment. However, it is notified that this
list shall remain subject to revision after receipt of complete verification
report from State Government with regard to Shri Akhilesh Kumar and on his
being recommended by the Court for appointment, he shall occupy the roster
point in the cyclic order as he would have occupied if included in the original
list as per his position in order or merit. ii. This Select List in cyclic
order has been prepared of the candidates being recommended for appointment
while leaving eight posts unfilled for eight Sr. Civil Judges, failing in the
zone of consideration for promotion on merit-cumseniority basis as their
consideration has been deferred due to pendency of departmental enquiries
against them. However, it is notified that this list shall remain subject to
revision after outcome of the departmental enquiries with regard to the said
eight Sr. Civil Judges and on their being recommended by the court for
promotion; they shall occupy the roster point in the cycle order as they would
have occupied if included in the original list as per their position in order
of interese seniority in their feeder cadre.” 26.2. The petitioners in Writ
Petition (Civil) No.895 of 2019, Writ Petition (Civil) No.897 of 2019 and Writ
Petition (Civil) No.899 of 2019 -54 were promoted to the cadre of District
Judge by aforesaid order dated 05.02.2016. 27. Thereafter, a Provisional
Seniority List was issued vide communication dated 16.08.2017 as regards
Judicial Officers from Serial Nos. 206 onwards. The communication recited as
under:- “TENTATIVE DETERMINATION OF SENIORITY OF THE OFFICERS OF DISTRICT JUDGE
CADRE. **** Final Seniority List of the officers of District Judge Cadre upto
Shri Nagendra Pal Bhandari was published on 15.12.2014. After taking into
consideration, the representations received from the officers of different
categories and all relevant provisions, the tentative/provisional seniority
list of the officers of District Judge Cadre next to Shri Nagendra Pal Bhandari
is reckoned/proposed:” The names of all the concerned candidates were mentioned
in the Provisional Seniority List. The candidates, who were successful in LCE
were given the original order of Seniority in the feeder cadre without giving
them any benefit for having successfully cleared the LCE. Further the 47
Judicial Officers promoted on 21.04.2010 were en-bloc placed above all the
appointees pursuant to selection undertaken in 2011. 28. In August 2018, Writ
Petition Nos.936 of 2018 and 967 of 2018 namely Writ Petitions in Categories A
and B referred to in Para 1 -55 hereinabove were filed in this Court submitting
inter alia that post the coming into effect of 2010 Rules, all the appointments
in the categories of selection through LCE and Direct Recruitment had to be in
conformity with 2010 Rules and in tune with the Cyclic Order; that placement of
the 47 Judicial Officers whose Appointment Orders were issued after the process
was undertaken in the year 2010 for selection of candidates through LCE and
Direct Recruitment, was not correct. 29. Notice was issued by this Court in
aforesaid Writ Petition (Civil) Nos.936 of 2018 and 967 of 2018 on 20.09.2018.
On 14.12.2018 the learned counsel for the High Court submitted that the
objections to the Provisional Lists were pending consideration with the High
Court. Therefore, at his request the petitions were adjourned. Thereafter, the
entire matter was considered by the High Court and by its Report dated
15.03.2019 all the objections raised by the concerned candidates were dealt
with. The report was thereafter placed on record. On 18.07.2019 when said Writ
Petitions and all other connected matters were taken up, it was highlighted
that the 47 Judicial Officers were not promoted in conformity with Rule 32(1)
of 2010 Rules, and, in any case, the principle of Cyclic Order, in terms of
Rule 42, was also not complied with and yet they were placed at Serial Nos.206
to 250. Since the 47 Judicial Officers were not -56 parties to the present
proceedings, notice was issued to them by Order dated 18.07.2019. 30. In the
meantime, the Report of the Committee of five Judges of the High Court under
the Chairmanship of the Chief Justice of the High Court which had considered
all the representations was placed on record. The Committee had framed
following four questions for its consideration in said Report dated
15.03.2019:- (1) Whether the officers, who were promoted on the post of
Additional District Judge (Fast Track) on ad-hoc basis under Rule 22 of the
Rules of 1969, can claim seniority from the date of such ad-hoc promotion in
view of the first proviso to Rule 24 of the Rules of 1969, by virtue of saving
clause in Rule 57 of the Rules of 2010, which were enforced on 19.01.2010? (2)
Whether the process of selection for direct recruitment against 36 posts
determined in the year 2010-11 should be taken to have commenced from
15.04.2010 when initial advertisement for recruitment was issued or from
19.07.2011 when fresh advertisement was issued after earlier process was
cancelled with the decision of the High Court to hold the process of
recruitment afresh? (3) Whether seniority of officers of the same batch
promoted to the District Judge cadre in the Limited Competitive Examination
quota, should be prepared on the basis of their inter-se placement in the merit
list of -57 such examination under Rule 32(2) or should be, in view of Rule
47(4) of the Rules of 2010, the same as it was in Senior Civil Judge cadre? (4)
Whether seniority of the officers promoted to the District Judge cadre in view
of Rule 31(4), is required to be fixed in cyclic order as per roster given in
Schedule V to Rules of 2010 with adherence to quotarota rule and what bearing
in the facts of the case, the opening words “As far as possible” in Rule 42 of
the Rules, would have on determination of seniority? 30.1 Before dealing with
the aforesaid four questions, the scope of the matter was dealt with as under:-
“The Rajasthan High Court notified the provisional seniority list of the
officers of the District Judge cadre next to Shri Nagendra Pal Singh Bhandari
on 16.08.2017, inviting objections thereto. This seniority list started from
Shri N.S. Dhaddha at serial no.206 and continued upto Shri Mohammad Arif at
serial no.519. Recruitment to District Judge cadre is made by three methods –
65% by promotion, 10% by Limited Competitive Examination (for short, ‘LCE),
both from amongst the Senior Civil Judges and 25% by direct recruitment from
the members of the Bar. The officers from all the three streams submitted their
written objections to the provisional seniority list. Meeting of the Committee
was convened under the Chairmanship of the Chief Justice in the Committee Hall
of the High Court premises at Jodhpur on 06.01.2019. Their oral submissions
were also heard in support of the written objections already submitted. … … … -58
We may at the outset make it clear that we do not wish to unsettle the
seniority position which has attained finality insofar as final seniority list
dated 15.12.2014 is concerned, because no one from any of the three streams of
recruitment has ever challenged the same before any forum known to law.
However, at the same time, we wish to make it clear at this stage itself that
while deciding the objections as to correctness of the provisional seniority
list dated 16.08.2017, we may not agree and may deviate from the principles on
which the conclusions of the earlier seniority committee in its report are
founded.” 30.2 With regard to first question the conclusion arrived at by the
Committee was as under:- “In view of the position of law discussed above, we
are not persuaded to countenance the submission that the promotes against the
posts outside the cadre should be taken to have been promoted from the date of
their ad hoc promotion either in the fast track courts or any other court, for
the purpose of grant of seniority with reference to proviso to Rule 24 even
though their regular promotion has actually taken place after the Rules of 1969
were repealed and the Rules of 2010 were promulgated on 19.01.2010. We also cannot
uphold the argument that any right stood crystalized in favour of such promotes
by reason of prescription made in proviso to Rule 24 and such right, by virtue
of the savings clause under Rule 57 of the Rules of 2010, would remain
protected so as to entitle them to claim seniority from the date of initial
promotion on ad hoc basis even if their regular promotion has taken place later
than the promulgation of the Rules of 2010. We are not examining the
correctness of the order granting -59 selection scale to certain officers by
counting the ad hoc service towards requisite period of five years, but that
cannot justify giving the benefit of seniority on the basis of ad hoc promotion
in view of the interpretation of the extant rules we have taken in the light of
settled proposition of law. In our considered view, all those who were promoted
on ad hoc basis earlier under the Rules of 1969, prior to promulgation of the
Rules of 2010, can be given seniority only from the date of their substantive
appointment, upon regular promotion, which took place after the Rules of 2010
came into force with effect from 19.01.2010. There is therefore no legal
justification for en-bloc placement of such officers in the provisional
seniority list on the basis of revision of cadre strength, when
temporary/permanent posts included in the cadre with increase of its strength
from 150 to 245 and every time later when the cadre strength was revised from
246 to 255, 256 to 265 and 266 to 372 respectively.” 30.3 With regard to second
question the conclusion was as under:- “In the case at hand, it should be noted
that the process of recruitment was initially notified vide advertisement dated
15.04.2010, but the entire selection process both by direct recruitment as well
by promotion through LCE was abandoned pursuant to decision of the Full Court,
which is evident from the order of the Registrar General of the Rajasthan High
Court dated 22.09.2010, whereby it was decided that recruitment process shall
be initiated afresh. New process of selection/recruitment was started in both
these categories by notification dated 19.07.2011. Out of 41 candidates, who
were selected in the year 2013 by way of direct recruitment pursuant to the
said notification, there are at least 15 such candidates, whose names did not
find place either in the eligibility list or rejection list, as per the
information furnished by the Examination -60 Cell of the High Court. These
names are – (1) Shri Malkhan Singh, (2) Shri Ram Suresh Prasad, (3) Shri
Manchha Ram Suthar, (4) Shri Keshav Kaushik, (5) Shri Dinesh Tyagi, (6) Shri
Hariom Sharma Attri, (7) Shri Arun Kumar Beriwal, (8) Shri Hukam Singh
Rajpurohit, (9) Ms. Shivani Singh, (10) Shri Mashroor Alam Khan, (11) Ramesh
Prashad Choudhary, (12) Ms. Meenakshi Sharma, (13) Ms. Anu Aggarwal, (14) Shri
Kishan Chand, and (15) Shri Satish Kumar. This proves that either they were not
eligible, or even if eligible, they did not apply in response to the earlier
notification for recruitment dated 15.04.2010. We are therefore not inclined to
uphold the claim of direct recruits that they should be conferred the benefit
of seniority from the year 2010. In any event, the direct recruits cannot claim
seniority earlier than initiation of fresh process of selection pursuant to
notification dated 19.07.2011 during the year 2011-12. The result of this would
be that these direct recruits would not be entitled to claim seniority over at
least those 47 officers, who were promoted on regular basis vide order dated
21.04.2010 in the year 2010-11 after the Rules of 2010 came into force. The
direct recruits cannot therefore claim seniority above those officers, who were
promoted on regular basis soon after promulgation of the Rules of 2010, when
they were not even borne on the cadre.” (emphasis supplied) 30.4 While dealing
with third question the Committee concluded:- “…We are therefore of the view
that merit of those promoted through LCE should by virtue of Rule 32(2) be
considered as the benchmark for promotion, inter-se seniority amongst them in
the feeder cadre being maintained by prescription of Rule 47(4), subject to the
exception that if an officer by regular method of promotion is able to
otherwise secure promotion in the same year in the regular line on his turn -61
and on that basis he gets a higher placement in the seniority, regardless of
his selection in the LCE, he should not be put to a disadvantageous position
and allowed to retain his position in the seniority based on his regular
promotion. In other words, such officer would be entitled to retain seniority,
either on the basis of LCE or on the basis of regular promotion, whichever is
more beneficial to him.” 30.5 Finally, while dealing with fourth question, the
Committee took into account that there was no actual recruitment in the years
2012-13, 2013-14 and 2014-15 and the recruitment process commenced by the
Notification dated 26.04.2015 was with regard to vacancies of all four years
i.e. 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15 and 2015-16. In the circumstances, it was
concluded:- “As far as the period subsequent to the roster order dated
15.07.2013 is concerned, the determination of vacancies was made every year
fairly regularly as noticed above, but actual recruitment from none of the
three modes could take place in any one of the years 2012-13, 2013-14 and
2014-15. Finally again the recruitment process commenced by notification dated
26.04.2015 in the year 2015-16. Since the vacancies of all four years, viz.,
2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15 and 2015-16, were combined, even if some of the
officers were in between allowed to continue on the post of Additional District
& Sessions Judge on ad hoc basis, they cannot in view of the afore-discussed
provisions of the Rules claim seniority on that basis. The vacancies of all
these four years having been determined as those of the year 2015-16, all the
appointments, by direct recruitment, LCE or regular promotion, should be deemed
to belong to the year 2015-16. -62 …. …. … Perusal of the provisional seniority
list shows that all 56 officers starting from Shri Satish Kumar Vyas (S.No.369)
upto Shri Jai Prakash Narain Purohit (S.No.423), promoted on ad hoc basis vide
order dated 21.04.2014 as Additional District Judge in the DJ cadre under Rule
15 of the Rules of 2010, have been wrongly assigned higher seniority.
Thereafter, 26 officers starting from Shri Paras Kumar Jain (S.No.4224) upto
Shri Jagendra Kumar Agarwal (S.No.450), all promoted on ad hoc basis by order
dated 21.04.2015 also have been wrongly assigned higher seniority in the
provisional seniority list. The next slot of officers starting from Shri Ashok
Kumar Agarwal (S.No.451) onwards though have been promoted on regular basis by
order dated 05.02.2016, but they have been all placed en-bloc senior to those
who were selected against direct recruitment quota. Surprisingly, the cadre
strength was initially increased with the enforcement of the Rules of 2010 on
19.01.2010, but the High Court administration has applied the same analogy of
revision of cadre strength even on three subsequent occasions for placing all
the officers appointed on ad hoc basis en-bloc in the seniority above those
directly recruited. Some of the officers, who though got regular promotion vide
order dated 05.02.2016, deviating from the roster point indicated in the order
of promotion dated 05.02.2016, have been placed en-bloc above the officers of
direct recruitment and LCE quota by wrongly applying the proviso to Rule 24 as
if this repealed Rule would perpetually survive by mere reason of ad hoc
promotions, for each succeeding year. Grant of benefit of seniority to officers
promoted on ad hoc basis was thus contrary to the provisions contained in Rule
15 and 47(4). Taking all the aforementioned circumstances into account, we are
inclined to hold that each of the years 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15 for the
purpose of operating the roster system should be treated as zero recruitment
year and that the recruitment against -63 combined 207 vacancies determined for
these years and the year 2015-16, should be taken as the vacancies of the year
2015-16 so as to make the Rule 42 of the Rules of 2010 workable, which begins
with the phraseology “As far as possible”, a select list as provided in
Schedule-V shall be prepared by the High Court. Such select list in the cyclic
order as per the roster point was earlier prepared by order dated 15.07.2013
and also when the next regular selections took place vide order dated
05.02.2016 but this was not truly reflected in the seniority list. All the
officers promoted on regular basis by order dated 05.02.2016 should be taken to
have been substantively appointed from that date only. If this view is taken,
no prejudice would be caused to any class of the officers as none of them would
compete for promotion/appointment in their respective category in previous
three years. Vacancies of all these three years having been clubbed with the
vacancies of the year 2015-16 to be determined as the vacancies of that year,
each one of them has had opportunity to compete with his fellow
officers/candidates for substantive appointment by way of
promotion/LCE/direct-recruitment, to the DJ cadre together.” 31. Mr. Ranjit
Kumar, learned Senior Advocate and Mr. A.D.N. Rao, learned Advocate for the
petitioners in Writ Petition (Civil) No.936 of 2018, and Mr. P.S. Patwalia and
Mr. Nitesh Gupta, learned Senior Advocates for the petitioners in Writ Petition
(Civil) No.967 of 2018 submitted that in terms of the provisions of 2010 Rules,
any appointments made after said Rules came into effect, had to be in
conformity with the principles therein and in accordance with the percentages
for three different sources set out therein. It was submitted that before 2010
Rules -64 came into effect, the strength of the cadre of District Judge in the
State was 150 and it got raised to 245 only after 2010 Rules came into effect.
Relying on the decisions of this Court in Debabrata Dash and Another v.
Jatindra Prasad Das and Others16 , V. Venkata Prasad and Others v. High Court
of A.P. and Other17 and in Kum C. Yamini v. The State of Andhra Pradesh18, it
was submitted that no service rendered on ad-hoc basis as Fast Track Court
Judges could be counted and that the rights of such candidates to be considered
for promotion arose only after 2010 Rules and that since the Notification dated
31.03.2010 notified vacancies to be filled up by Direct Recruitment and through
LCE, the High Court could not have promoted the 47 Judicial Officers by Order
dated 21.04.2010 so as to adversely affect the chances and status of the
petitioners. It was submitted that the entire exercise must be taken to be one
single package under which appointments through all three sources could be
undertaken after the vacancies became available by enhancement of cadre
strength; and that the entire exercise undertaken after issuance of the
Notification on 31.03.2011 was nothing but continuation of what was
contemplated by the Notification dated 15.04.2010. It was, therefore, submitted
that the vacancies which were 16 (2013) 3 SCC 658 17 (2016) 11 SCC 656 18
(2019) 10 SCALE 834 = 2019(8 ) JT 365 -65 subject matter of Notification dated
31.03.2011 and the posting of the 47 Judicial Officers pursuant to Order dated
21.04.2010 must be considered as part of the same process. Resultantly, the
placement of the concerned candidates ought to be governed by the Cyclic Order
enumerated in Schedule VII to 2010 Rules. Reliance was placed on the decision
of this Court in Union of India and Others v. N. R. Parmar and Others19 . Mr.
Nikhil Singhvi, learned Advocate for the petitioners in Writ Petition (Civil)
Diary No.13252 of 2019 added another dimension in respect of LCE candidates. It
was submitted that in keeping with the directions issued by this Court in para
28 in All India Judges’ Association1 the promotions through LCE must be
“strictly on the basis of merit” and that Rule 31(2) of 2010 Rules translates
the same principle and, therefore, the ranking of the candidates who had
cleared LCE must be in accordance with merit and not in accordance with their
inter se seniority in the erstwhile cadre. 32. On the other hand, Mr. R.
Balasubramanian, learned Senior Advocate and Ms. Prerna Singh, learned Advocate
appearing for the 47 candidates submitted that said candidates were promoted
well before the 19 (2012) 13 SCC 340 -66 initiation of selection process
initiated pursuant to the Notification dated 31.03.2011; that said Notification
was not in continuation of the process initiated in 2010; that number of
candidates who were selected in the selection process pursuant to the
Notification dated 31.03.2011 had not even participated in the process
initiated in 2010 and the Committee of the High Court in its Report dated
15.03.2019 rightly answered Question No.2 in the negative. In their submission,
the issue of regular promotion of those who were manning the Fast Track Court
on ad-hoc basis was always under consideration right from 23.08.2008 when a
Committee of the High Court had made its recommendations. In the process, the
case of the 47 candidates stood on a completely different footing and the
Committee of the High Court in its Report dated 15.03.2019 rightly acknowledged
their entitlement. 33. Mr. Vijay Hansaria, learned Senior Advocate appearing
for the petitioners in Writ Petition (Civil) No.464 of 2019 submitted that all
these petitioners were appointed on ad-hoc basis as Fast Track Court Judges in
the year 2008 and as a matter of fact, 4 Judicial Officers who were also
appointed along with these petitioners in the year 2008 were part of the list
of the 47 candidates at Serial Nos.44 to 47 whereas these petitioners were not
included in said list. These Petitioners, therefore, pray that the order -67
dated 15.03.2019 be set aside to the extent it deprived said petitioners of
their rightful due and they be given seniority from their initial appointment
as Judges of the Fast Track Court that is from 11.01.2008 or, at least, above
all LCE candidates and Direct Recruits as was given to the 47 candidates. It
was further submitted that out of 83 Fast Track Courts which were mentioned in
Part A of Schedule II to 2010 Rules, 40 Courts were abolished on 31.03.2011 and
the petitioners were continued as Additional District Judges against vacant
regular posts vide Order dated 31.03.2011. However, their substantive promotion
to the Cadre of District Judge was made on 15.07.2013 along with the Direct
Recruits and candidates through LCE. It was submitted that their initial
appointments being under 1969 Rules and the fact that they were occupying posts
indicated in Part A of Schedule II as stated above, their case would be covered
by Rule 57 of 2010 Rules. It was however accepted that some of the petitioners
had participated in the LCE around that time. 34. Mr. Neeraj Jain, learned Senior
Advocate for the Association in Writ Petition (Civil) No.1471 of 2018 submitted
that as acknowledged in the decision of this Court in Rajasthan Judicial
Service Officers Association11 there were 41 Direct Recruits in the Cadre of
District Judges in the year 2009 and as such it was incorrect to assess the
vacancies for -68 Direct Recruits in the Notifications dated 15.04.2010 and
31.03.20111 at the level of 36 and 37 respectively. In his submission the
allocation of vacancies to Direct Recruits was in excess of their entitlement.
35. Mr. V.K. Shukla, learned Senior Advocate appeared for the petitioners in
Writ Petition (Civil) No.899 of 2019, who were promoted on ad-hoc basis as
Additional District and Sessions Judges to man the Fast Track Courts on
21.04.2010 i.e. after 2010 Rules had come into force and who were substantively
promoted to the Cadre of District Judge by Order dated 05.02.2016. It was
submitted that their services at the level of Additional District and Sessions
Judge were continued even after abolition of Fast Track Courts and thus said
petitioners ought to be given the benefit of past service and be conferred appropriate
seniority. 36. Dr. Sumant Bhardwaj, learned Advocate appeared for the
petitioner in Writ Petition (Civil) No.1008 of 2019, where the petitioner
stands on similar footing as in Writ Petition (Civil) No.899 of 2019, in that
the ad-hoc promotion to the Cadre of District Judge was granted in the year
2012. -69 37. Dr. Manish Singhvi, and Mr. Sanjay Hegde, learned Senior
Advocates appearing for the State and the High Court respectively supported the
actions taken by the High Court on the administrative side. 38. In the backdrop
of the facts and circumstances on record and the submissions of all the learned
Counsel, following questions arise for our consideration:- (A) Whether the
judicial officers promoted on ad-hoc basis as Additional District and Sessions
Judges to man the Fast Track Courts in the State and who were substantively
appointed to the Cadre of the District Judge, are entitled to seniority from
the date of their initial ad-hoc promotion? (B) Whether the selection process
initiated in terms of the Notification dated 31.03.2011 can be said to be in
continuation of the process initiated under Notification dated 15.04.2010? (C)
Whether the substantive promotion granted to the 47 Judicial Officers must be
taken to be part of the same selection process pursuant to the Notification
dated 31.03.2011 and whether the 47 Judicial Officers could be placed en-bloc
senior to the candidates selected in said selection -70 process initiated
pursuant to the Notification dated 31.03.2011, without applying the Cyclic Order
in terms of 2010 Rules? (D) Whether the inter se placement of candidates
selected to the Cadre of District Judge in the State through Limited
Competitive Examination, in the seniority list must be based on their merit in
said examination or should it be based on their initial seniority in the
erstwhile cadre? (E) Whether the Report dated 15.03.2019 and the consequential
Final Seniority List, otherwise calls for any modification or correction? 39.
As regards question No. (A), the law on the point is well settled and though
learned Counsel advanced submissions based on various decisions of this Court
and the principles emanating therefrom, the following decisions in the context
of ad-hoc appointments as Additional District and Sessions Judges to man Fast
Track Courts in the country, are sufficient to address the issue. (A) In
Debabrata Dash and Another v. Jatindra Prasad Das and Others16, a Bench of
three Judges of this Court considered the case wherein respondent No.1 was
initially appointed as Additional District Judge (Fast Track Court) on ad-hoc
basis and later his service was regularized in the Senior Branch Cadre in
Orrisa Superior Judicial Service. -71 His claim that service rendered as Judge
of the Fast Track Court ought to be reckoned for seniority was accepted by the
Orissa High Court. This Court, however, set aside the decision of the High
Court. The question that came up for consideration was posed in para 28 as
under:- “28. The crucial question that arises for consideration in this appeal
is: whether promotion of the writ petitioner as an ad hoc Additional District
Judge vide Notification dated 5-1-2002 to the Senior Branch of the Superior
Judicial Service for being posted in the Fast Track Court established out of
the Eleventh Finance Commission recommendations can be said to be an
appointment in the Senior Branch Cadre of Superior Judicial Service? The fate
of the appeal depends upon the answer to this question. If the answer to this
question is found in the affirmative, the appeal must fail. On the other hand,
the appeal must succeed if the answer is in the negative.” This Court
thereafter considered the effect of 2001 Rules which were made to regulate the
recruitment of Judicial Officers in the State to man Fast Track Courts on
ad-hoc basis. Para 35 considered the effect of the Rules as under:- “35. As
noted earlier, 72 posts of ad hoc Additional District Judges were created under
the 2001 Rules to meet its objectives. These posts were not part of cadre
strength of Senior Branch Service in the 1963 Rules nor by creation of these
posts under the 2001 Rules, the cadre strength of the Senior Branch of service
got increased. The writ petitioner’s promotion as an ad hoc Additional District
Judge vide Notification dated -72 5-1-2002 pursuant to which he joined the post
of ad hoc Additional District Judge, Bargarh on 26-4-2002 is traceable wholly
and squarely to the 2001 Rules. Merely because the writ petitioner was adjudged
suitable on the touchstone of the 1963 Rules, we are afraid, it cannot be said that
he was given appointment to the post of ad hoc Additional District Judge under
the 1963 Rules. As noted above, there was no vacancy to be filled by promotion
in the cadre strength of Senior Branch of the service under the 1963 Rules on
that date.” The decisions of this Court in Direct Recruit Class II Engg.
Officers’ Assn.20 and Rudra Kumar Sain21 as well as in Brij Mohan Lal6 were
also considered as under:- 41. A five-Judge Bench of this Court in Direct
Recruit Class II Engg. Officers’ Assn.20 was concerned with a question of
seniority in service between the direct recruits and promotees amongst Deputy
Engineers in the State of Maharashtra. This Court considered previous decisions
of this Court, including S.B. Patwardhan v. State of Maharashtra22 and Baleshwar
Dass v. State of U.P.23 and in para 47 of the Report summed up the legal
position. Clauses (A), (B) and (C) of para 47 are relevant for the present
purpose which read as follows: (Direct Recruit Class II Engg. Officers’
Assn.20, SCC p. 745, para 47) “(A) Once an incumbent is appointed to a post
according to rule, his seniority has to be counted from the date of his
appointment and not according to the date of his confirmation. The corollary of
the above rule is that where the initial appointment is only ad hoc and not
according to rules and made as a stopgap 20 (1990) 2 SCC 715 21 (2008) 8 SCC 25
22 (1977) 3 SCC 399 23 (1980) 4 SCC 226 -73 arrangement, the officiation in
such post cannot be taken into account for considering the seniority. (B) If
the initial appointment is not made by following the procedure laid down by the
rules but the appointee continues in the post uninterruptedly till the
regularisation of his service in accordance with the rules, the period of
officiating service will be counted. (C) When appointments are made from more
than one source, it is permissible to fix the ratio for recruitment from the
different sources, and if rules are framed in this regard they must ordinarily
be followed strictly.” The essence of direction in Clause (A) is that the
seniority of an appointee has to be counted from the date of his appointment
and not according to the date of his confirmation once a recruitee is appointed
to a post according to the rules. In other words, where initial appointment is
only ad hoc and not according to the rules and made as a stopgap arrangement,
the officiation in such post cannot be taken into account for considering the
seniority. The writ petitioner’s appointment as an ad hoc Additional District
Judge is not traceable to the 1963 Rules. The simple reason leading to this
consequence is that there was no vacancy available which was to be filled up by
promotion on that date in the Superior Judicial Service (Senior Branch). 42. In
Rudra Kumar Sain21 a five-Judge Bench of this Court was again concerned with
the inter se seniority between the promotees and direct recruits in the Delhi
Higher Judicial Service. The contention was whether the guidelines and
directions given by this Court in O.P. Singla24 have been followed or not. The
Court considered the 3 terms “ad hoc”, “stopgap” and “fortuitous” in the
context of the service jurisprudence 24 (1984) 4 SCC 450 -74 and in para 20 of
the Report held as under: (Rudra Kumar Sain case21, SCC p. 45) “20. In service
jurisprudence, a person who possesses the requisite qualification for being
appointed to a particular post and then he is appointed with the approval and
consultation of the appropriate authority and continues in the post for a
fairly long period, then such an appointment cannot be held to be ‘stopgap or
fortuitous or purely ad hoc’. In this view of the matter, the reasoning and
basis on which the appointment of the promotees in the Delhi Higher Judicial
Service in the case in hand was held by the High Court to be ‘fortuitous/ad hoc/stopgap’
are wholly erroneous and, therefore, exclusion of those appointees to have
their continuous length of service for seniority is erroneous.” The Division
Bench in the impugned order25 has quoted the above paragraph from Rudra Kumar
Sain21 but applied it wrongly. 43. In Brij Mohan Lal (1)6 a three-Judge Bench
of this Court, inter alia, considered the Fast Track Courts Scheme. In para 10
of the judgment, this Court gave various directions. Direction 14 in that
paragraph is relevant which can be paraphrased as follows: (SCC p. 10) (i) No
right will be conferred on judicial officers in service for claiming any
regular promotion on the basis of his/her appointment on ad hoc basis under the
Scheme. (ii) The service rendered in the Fast Track Courts will be deemed as
service rendered in the parent cadre. 25 Jatindra Prasad Das v. State of
Orissa, WP (C) No.21449 of 2011, decided on 15-11-2011 (Ori) -75 (iii) In case
any judicial officer is promoted to higher grade in the parent cadre during his
tenure in Fast Track Courts, the service rendered in Fast Track Courts will be
deemed to be service in such higher grade. 44. The learned Senior Counsel for
the writ petitioner heavily relied upon the third part of Direction 14. As a
matter of fact, this part has been relied upon in the impugned judgment1 as
well. It is submitted on behalf of the writ petitioner that on promotion to the
Senior Branch Cadre of Superior Judicial Service during his tenure in the Fast
Track Courts, the writ petitioner is entitled to the counting of the service
rendered by him in the Fast Track Court as a service in Superior Judicial
Service (Senior Branch). The submission overlooks the first two parts of
Direction 14, one, no right will be conferred in judicial service for claiming
any regular promotion on the basis of his/her appointment on ad hoc basis under
the scheme; and two, the service rendered in Fast Track Courts will be deemed
as service rendered in the parent cadre. In our opinion, until the vacancy
occurred in the cadre of Superior Judicial Service (Senior Branch) which was to
be filled up by promotion, the service rendered by the writ petitioner in the Fast
Track Court cannot be deemed to be service rendered in the Superior Judicial
Service (Senior Branch). Rather until then, he continued to be a member of the
parent cadre i.e. Superior Judicial Service (Junior Branch). The third part of
Direction 14, in our view, does not deserve to be read in a manner that
overrides the 1963 Rules.” (B) In V. Venkata Prasad and Others v. High Court of
A.P. and Others17, a Bench of two Judges of this Court considered the case
which arose in almost identical fact situation. The claim of the concerned
Judicial Officer for reckoning the service rendered as Additional District -76
Judge (Fast Track Courts) on ad-hoc basis was rejected. Reliance was placed on
the decision of this Court in Debabrata Dash19 and the ratio in that decision
was followed. (C) In Kum C. Yamini v. The State of Andhra Pradesh18 a bench of
three Judges of this Court considered the issue where the candidates from the
Bar were appointed on ad-hoc basis and after their consideration, claim was
raised to reckon their seniority from the date of initial ad-hoc appointment.
The relevant observations are :- “12. While rejecting the claim for their
absorption and challenge to the notification issued for the recruitment in the
regular cadre posts, certain directions were issued in Brij Mohan Lal (2)
(supra) for considering the claims of ad hoc judges appointed to Fast Track
Courts into regular cadre posts. Following the directions only, the second
respondent has issued notification inviting applications for appointments to
the regular cadre of District Judges and appellants and others responded to
such notification and totally 12 of them were selected for regular vacancies.
In the appointment order dated 02.07.2013 in G.O.MS. No.68 issued by Law (LA
& J-SC.F) Department, they were put on probation for a period of two years
and after the declaration of successful probation and nearly after four years
of appointment, the present claim is made claiming seniority from the date of
their initial appointment, as ad hoc District Judges. 13. The claim of the
appellants that they were appointed as ad hoc District Judges by following the
procedure which is similar to the procedure for appointments to the sanctioned
posts in the regular cadre, is no ground to accede to their request to reckon
their seniority in the permanent cadre of District Judges, from their initial
appointment as the District Judges for the Fast Track Courts. The appointments
which came to be made for selecting District Judges for -77 Fast Track Courts
sanctioned under the 11th Finance Scheme are totally different and distinct,
compared to appointments which are to be made for regular vacant posts of
District Judges covered under A.P. Higher Judicial Service. If a person is not
appointed to any post in the cadre, such person cannot claim any seniority over
the persons who are appointed in vacant posts in the cadre. The Fast Track
Courts which were sanctioned initially for five years from the grants of 11th
Finance Commission, were continued in some States beyond such period with the
assistance, from States and such Fast Track Courts were discontinued in some
other States. Merely on the ground that they were selected by following the
same procedure akin to that of regular selections, is no ground to consider
their claim for grant of seniority from the date of initial appointment. When
their claim for regularisation/absorption and challenge to notification issued
in the year 2004 for making selections to the vacant regular posts of District
Judges is rejected by the High Court and confirmed by this Court, we are of the
view that the appellants have no basis to claim seniority from the date of
initial appointment. In any event, having applied in response to the
notification issued by the High Court in the year 2013 after availing the
benefit of appointment, it is not open to the appellants to question the
conditions imposed in the order which is in conformity with rules.
Undisputedly, appellant was appointed as ad hoc District Judges to preside over
the Fast Track Courts only. Initially when she was not appointed to a post or
category of posts, forming part of cadre strength in such category, appellant
cannot claim any seniority over the persons regularly appointed in the category
of posts forming part of cadre strength. There is yet another ground to reject
the claim of the appellant. Though the appellant claims seniority over the
persons who are appointed in regular vacant posts forming part of cadre
strength but they are not even made parties. On this ground also, the claim of
the appellants deserves rejection. 14. We have perused the judgment relied on
by the appellant party in person, in the case of Rudra Kumar Sain & Ors. v.
Union of India & Ors. (supra). In the aforesaid case, issue relates to
claim of seniority between direct recruits and promotees. Learned senior
counsel Sri -78 Venkataramani, has also relied on the judgments of this Court
in the case of Brij Mohan Lal (1) v. Union of India & Ors. (supra); in the
case of Debabrata Dash & Anr. v. Jatindra Prasad Das & Ors. (supra); in
the case of V. Venkata Prasad & Ors. v. High Court of Andhra Pradesh &
Ors. (supra) and in the case of Brij Mohan Lal (2) v. Union of India & Ors.
(supra). We have looked into the judgments referred above by the learned senior
counsel Sri Venkataramani and the party in person. Having regard to issue
involved in the present appeals, we are of the view that the ratio decided in
the aforesaid cases would not render any assistance in support of their claim
in these cases. The claim of seniority will depend upon several factors, nature
of appointment, rules as per which the appointments are made and when
appointments are made, were such appointments to the cadre posts or not etc.
When the appellants were not appointed to any regular posts in the A.P.
Judicial Service, appellants cannot claim seniority based on their ad hoc
appointments to preside over Fast Track Courts. We are of the view that the
ratio decided in the said judgments relied on by the appellants would not
render any assistance in support of their case. 15. On the other hand, the
judgment in the case of V. Venkata Prasad & Ors. v. High Court of Andhra Pradesh
& Ors. (supra), this Court has, in clear terms, while considering A.P.
State Higher Judicial Service Special Rules for Ad Hoc Appointments, 2001 held
that such appointments in respect of Fast Track Courts are ad hoc in nature and
no right accrues to such appointees. The aforesaid view of this Court clearly
supports the case of the respondents. Paragraph 25 of the said case which is
relevant for the purpose of these cases reads as under : “25. From the
aforesaid two authorities, it is quite clear that the appointments in
respect of Fast Track Courts are ad hoc in nature and no right is to accrue to
such recruits promoted/posted on ad hoc basis from the lower judiciary for the
regular promotion on the basis of such appointment. It has been categorically
stated that FTC Judges were appointed under a separate set of rules than the
rules governing the regular appointment in the State Higher Judicial Services.”
-79 The decisions in Debabrata Dash16, and V. Venkata Prasad17 were in the
context where serving Judicial Officers were granted ad-hoc promotions as Fast
Track Court Judges, while in C. Yamini18 the members of the Bar were appointed as
Fast Track Court Judges and these decisions thus completely conclude the issue.
As has been held in said decisions, the reckonable date has to be the date when
substantive appointment is made and not from the date of the initial ad-hoc
appointment or promotion. Question (A) is, therefore, answered in the negative.
40. As regards Question No.(B), it is relevant to note that the Notification
dated 15.04.2010 had invited application for filling up 36 vacancies by Direct
Recruitments and 22 vacancies by Promotion through LCE. This was preceded by
determination of vacancies through Notification dated 31.03.2010. After the
process initiated in terms of said Notification dated 15.04.2010 was cancelled,
a fresh determination of the vacancies was undertaken and the Notification
dated 31.03.2011 now found vacancies for Direct Recruitments, for Promotion
through LCE and for Regular Promotion at 37, 32 and 24 respectively. Thus, the
vacancies which became available post the Notification dated 15.04.2010 were
also taken into account. The Report dated 15.03.2019 shows that some of the
selected candidates in the process pursuant to the Notification dated -80
31.03.2011 had not even participated in the earlier process of 2010. In the
premises, if the submission that the process initiated under the Notification
dated 31.03.2011 must be held to be in continuation of the earlier selection of
2010 is accepted, it would amount to conferring undue advantages upon persons
who either had not participated in the process of 2010 or who were not even
eligible in 2010. The Report dated 15.03.2019, therefore, correctly appreciated
the fact situation on record and concluded that it would not be in continuation
of the earlier process. 41. As regards Question No.(C), it must be noted that
as on the date when 2010 Rules came into effect, the Additional District and
Sessions Judges manning the Fast Track Courts had rendered service in ad-hoc
capacity for almost 07 years. The question whether they be granted promotion on
Regular Basis was subject matter of consideration of the High Court. The Report
of the Committee of Judges given in 2008 had advised that they be granted
Regular Promotion and the matter was getting deferred at the level of the Full
Court. It was at this stage that 2010 Rules became effective from 18.01.2010.
Even thereafter, the Notification dated 31.03.2010 had published the vacancy
situation only in respect of Direct Recruitment and Promotion through LCE. It
was obviously so, as the issue regarding grant of Regular Promotion on
substantive basis to those Fast -81 Track Court Judges was simultaneously under
consideration and on 21.04.2010 a formal Order was passed promoting the 47
Judicial Officers on substantive basis to the Cadre of District Judge. The
grant of promotion to the 47 Judicial Officers and selection process pursuant
to the Notification dated 15.04.2010 were not part of the same process and were
completely independent. None of the 47 Judicial Officers had the occasion to
compete in the LCE that was undertaken in terms of the Notification dated
15.04.2010. It is possible to say that the last of the 47 Judicial Officers
could as well have been the first in the list of successful candidates through
LCE and thus could possibly have been entitled to better placement. In any
case, the process initiated pursuant to the Notification dated 15.04.2010 was
cancelled for administrative reasons and the appointments in respect of process
pursuant to the Notification dated 31.03.2011 could be effected only in the
year 2013, i.e. more than 03 years after the 47 Judicial Officers were granted
substantive appointment to the Cadre of District Judge. Further, if grant of
promotion to the 47 Judicial Officers is taken to be the part of the same
process, some of the Direct Recruits may not even be having eligibility in the
year 2010 and yet may be placed above some of the 47 Judicial Officers. In the
circumstances, the assessment made by the High Court in its Report dated
15.03.2019 is -82 without any infirmity and we have no hesitation in concluding
that the substantive promotion granted to the 47 Judicial Officers cannot be
taken to be part of the same selection process where Direct Recruits and
candidates through LCE were appointed to the Cadre of District Judge on
15.07.2013. If the substantive appointment of the 47 Judicial Officers to the
Cadre of District Judge is separate and distinct from the selection process through
which appointment were made after three years on 15.07.2017, there would be no
question or occasion to apply the Cyclic Order. It is not the contention of
anyone that appointment of the 47 Judicial Officers on the relevant date was
either beyond the quota meant for Regular Promotion or that there was any
serious infirmity in the process or that any of the candidates was completely
ineligible. Since there was a difference of more than 03 years between these
two modes of selection, the Report dated 15.03.2019 rightly concluded that the
Cyclic Order ought not to get attracted. It is true that the Cyclic Order and
the quota for different streams ensure equitable treatment for three sources.
However, the application of the Cyclic Order must depend upon the fact
situations. It was precisely for this reason that the expression “as far as
possible” has been used in the -83 Rule. Other things being equal, certainly
the quotas for different streams and the Cyclic Order must be adhered to.
However, if such adherence itself is going to cause incongruous situation and
inflict incalculable harm, insistence upon applicability of the Cyclic Order in
such cases may not be appropriate. The expression “as far as possible” was,
therefore, relied upon by this Court in Para 34 of its decision in Veena
Verma12 . It would also be instructive to refer to a decision of this Court in
State of M.P. v. Narmada Bachao Andolan and Another26, where the expression “as
far as possible” was explained:- ““As far as possible” 38. The aforesaid phrase
provides for flexibility, clothing the authority concerned with powers to meet
special situations where the normal process of resolution cannot flow smoothly.
The aforesaid phrase can be interpreted as not being prohibitory in nature. The
said words rather connote a discretion vested in the prescribed authority. It
is thus discretion and not compulsion. There is no hard-and-fast rule in this
regard as these words give a discretion to the authority concerned. Once the
authority exercises its discretion, the court should not interfere with the
said discretion/decision unless it is found to be palpably arbitrary. (Vide
Iridium India Telecom Ltd. v. Motorola Inc. 27 and High Court of Judicature for
Rajasthan v. Veena Verma12.) Thus, it is evident that this phrase simply means
that the principles are to be observed unless it is not possible to follow the
same in the particular circumstances of a case.” 26 (2011) 7 SCC 639 27 (2005)
2 SCC 145 -84 41.1. We must at this stage deal with submissions based on the
decision of this Court in N.R. Parmar19 . In that case a Bench of two Judges of
this Court while considering O.N. dated 20.12.1999 and 02.02.2000 had concluded
as under:- “31.2. It is not necessary, that the direct recruits for vacancies
of a particular recruitment year, should join within the recruitment year
(during which the vacancies had arisen) itself. As such, the date of joining
would not be a relevant factor for determining seniority of direct recruits. It
would suffice if action has been initiated for direct recruit vacancies, within
the recruitment year in which the vacancies had become available. This is so,
because delay in administrative action, it was felt, could not deprive an
individual of his due seniority. As such, initiation of action for recruitment
within the recruitment year would be sufficient to assign seniority to the
appointees concerned in terms of the “rotation of quotas” principle, so as to
arrange them with other appointees (from the alternative source), for vacancies
of the same recruitment year. … 34.1. If the process of recruitment has been
initiated during the recruitment year (in which the vacancies have arisen)
itself, even if the examination for the said recruitment is held in a
subsequent year, and the result is declared in a year later (than the one in
which the examination was held), and the selected candidates joined in a
further later year (than the one in which the result was declared), the
selected candidates will be entitled to be assigned seniority, with reference
to the recruitment year (in which the requisition of vacancies was made). The
logic and reasoning for the aforesaid conclusion (expressed in the ON dated
2-2-2000) is, if the process of direct recruitment is initiated in the
recruitment year itself, the selected candidate(s) cannot be blamed for the -85
administrative delay, in completing the process of selection.” Relying on the aforementioned
observations, it was submitted that the candidates selected through Direct
Recruitment and LCE on 15.07.2013 could not be prejudiced if the High Court on
the administrative side had segregated the issue of promotion of the 47
Judicial Officers on one hand and the selection through Direct Recruitment and
LCE on the other; and the time lag of three years between the appointments
would, therefore, be of no consequence. The decision in N.R. Parmar19 was
thereafter relied upon by another Bench of two Judges of this Court in Hon’ble
Punjab and Haryana High Court v. State of Punjab and others28. In that case,
the recruitment from three different sources to the cadre of District Judge was
done on three different dates but in the same year. Paragraphs 50 to 53 of said
decision may be extracted as under:- 50. At this juncture, one of the
submissions, which has been emphatically pressed by the learned Counsel for the
promotees is that for determination of seniority, continuous length of service
is determinative. The direct recruits and out of turn promotees, who were not
even born in the cadre when promotees were promoted, they have to take
seniority after the promotees. In this reference, it is useful to 28 (2019) 12
SCC 496 -86 refer to a judgment of this Court in Union of India and Ors. v.
N.R. Parmar and Ors. (2012) 13 SCC 340, the issue in the said case was also an
issue of determination of seniority between direct recruits visà -vis promotees
and quota and rota principles. This Court had occasion to consider the office
memorandum issued by the Government dated 22.12.1959. Noticing Para 6 of above
office memorandum following was stated in Para 23 of the judgment: 23. The
General Principles for determining seniority in the Central Services are shown
to have been laid down in an annexure to an Office Memorandum dated 22-12-1959
issued by the Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs (hereinafter
referred to as "the OM dated 22-12-1959"). Para 6 of the annexure,
referred to above, laid down the manner of determining inter se seniority
between direct recruits and promotees. Para 6 is being extracted hereunder: 6.
Relative seniority of direct recruits and promotees.--The relative seniority of
direct recruits and of promotees shall be determined according to the rotation
of vacancies between direct recruits and promotees which shall be based on the
quotas of vacancies reserved for direct recruitment and promotion respectively
in the Department Rules. It is apparent from the above extract of the OM dated
22-12-1959, that the "quota" between promotees and direct recruits
was to be read into the seniority rule. The OM also provided for a definite
rotation of seniority points ("rota") between promotees and direct
recruits. The rotation provided for was founded on the concept of rotation of
quotas between promo-tees and direct recruits. It is therefore apparent, that
under the OM dated 22-12-1959 inter se seniority between the promotees and
direct recruits was based on the "quota" and "rota"
principle. The same has been meaningfully described as "rotation of
quotas" in some of these instruments. -87 51. There was further office
memorandum on 07.02.1986 to take care of situation where it was decided that in
future, while the principle of rotation of quotas will still be followed for
determining the inter-se seniority of direct recruits and promotees, the
present practice of keeping vacant slots for being filled up by direct recruits
of later years, thereby giving them unintended seniority over promotees who
were already in position, would be dispensed with. This Court noticed office
memorandum dated 07.02.1986 and observed that "when direct recruits or
promotees become available through later examinations or selections", it
clearly mean that the situation contemplated is one where, there has been an
earlier examination or selection, and is then followed by a "later"
examination or selection. 52. In the above context, this Court laid down
following in Paragraph 31.2 that "it is not necessary, that the direct
recruits of a particular recruitment year, should join within the recruitment
year itself". It was held that date of joining would not be a relevant
factor for determining seniority of direct recruits. In paragraph 31.2 and 34.1
following has been laid down: 31.2. It is not necessary, that the direct
recruits for vacancies of a particular recruitment year, should join within the
recruitment year (during which the vacancies had arisen) itself. As such, the
date of joining would not be a relevant factor for determining seniority of
direct recruits. It would suffice if action has been initiated for direct
recruit vacancies, within the recruitment year in which the vacancies had
become available. This is so, because delay in administrative action, it was
felt, could not deprive an individual of his due seniority. As such, initiation
of action for recruitment within the recruitment year would be sufficient to
assign seniority to the appointees concerned in terms of the "rotation of
quotas" principle, so as to arrange them with other -88 appointees (from
the alternative source), for vacancies of the same recruitment year. 34.1. If
the process of recruitment has been initiated during the recruitment year (in
which the vacancies have arisen) itself, even if the examination for the said
recruitment is held in a subsequent year, and the result is declared in a year
later (than the one in which the examination was held), and the selected
candidates joined in a further later year (than the one in which the result was
declared), the selected candidates will be entitled to be assigned seniority,
with reference to the recruitment year (in which the requisition of vacancies
was made). The logic and reasoning for the aforesaid conclusion (expressed in
the ON dated 2-2-2000) is, if the process of direct recruitment is initiated in
the recruitment year itself, the selected candidate(s) cannot be blamed for the
administrative delay, in completing the process of selection. 53. In the
present case, process for all the three streams was completed in the year 2008
and all the officers of three streams had joined in the same year. The
submission that quota rota Rule was broken or seniority will be affected
because of joining of one category of officers earlier cannot be accepted. It
is also relevant to notice that purpose of statutory Rules and laying down a
procedure for recruitment was to achieve the certainty. Officers belonging to
different streams have to be confidant that they shall be recruited under their
quota and get seniority as per their quota and roster. In event, the seniority
is to be fixed with date of joining of particular stream, it will lead to
uncertainty and making seniority depending on administrative authorities, which
is neither in the interest of service nor serve the cause of justice. We, thus,
conclude that roster is fully applicable for determination of seniority.
Officers of different streams selected in a particular year even though they
were allowed to join the post on different dates shall -89 not affect their
inter se seniority, which is to be decided on the basis of roster.” 41.2 It
must, however, be stated that the decision in N.K. Parmar19 has since then been
overruled by a Bench of three Judges of this Court in K. Meghachandra Singh and
Ors. vs. Ningam Siro and Others29 . The relevant paragraphs of said decision
are as under: 5. Before the Writ Court, the promotees contended that they
entered the MPS Grade II Cadre on 01.03.2007 whereas the private Respondent
Nos. 3 to 33 were appointed subsequently (on 14.08.2007 and 24.11.2007
respectively) and, therefore, they should be regarded as senior to the direct
recruits. 6. The direct recruits on the other hand claimed seniority over the
promotees by contending that seniority has to be decided in accordance with the
year of the vacancy and not by the fortuitous date on which, the appointment
could be finalized for the direct recruits. … 13. It was also made clear that
the promotees will naturally have seniority over the Appellants as they had
entered the cadre of MPS Grade II, before the Writ Appellants were borne in the
cadre. … 17. The Senior Counsel cites Union of India and Ors. v. N.R. Parmar,
(2012)13 SCC 340, to argue that when action was initiated for filling up the
2005 vacancies, the administrative delay in finalization of the recruitment
leading to delayed appointment should not deprive the individual of his due
seniority. By referring to the rotation of quota principle, the counsel argues
that initiation of action for recruitment 29 (2019) SCC Online SC 1494 -90 in
the year of the vacancy would be sufficient, to assign seniority from that
year. … 20. Representing the Respondents/promotees, the learned Senior Counsel,
Shri Jaideep Gupta refers to the MPS Rules, 1965 to argue that the provisions
of the Rules make it abundantly clear that inter-se seniority in the cadre of
MPS Grade-III is to be determined by the order in which appointments are made to
the service. The counsel pointedly refers to Rules 28 (i) where it is specified
that the ....... seniority in the service shall be determined by the order in
which appointments are made to the service....... He also refers to the later
part of Rule 28(iii), where again it is specified that the "seniority of
the officer...... shall be counted from the date, he/she is appointed to the
service............ . The provisions in Rule 16(iii) are pressed home by Mr.
Gupta to argue that only when the person is appointed, he shall be deemed to
have been appointed to the service from the date of encadrement. 21. The
judgment in N.R. Parmar (Supra) is read with equal emphasis by Mr. Gupta to
firstly point out that this case does not lay down the correct law in determination
of seniority. The counsel highlights the incongruity in a situation where a
person who entered service later will claim seniority above those who joined
service at an earlier point of time. The applicability of the ratio in N.R.
Parmar (Supra) to the litigants in the present case is also questioned by Mr.
Gupta by pointing out that the provisions of MPS Rules, 1965 applicable for the
officers in the Manipur Police Officers, was not the subject of consideration
in N.R. Parmar (Supra), and, therefore, the said ratio relatable to Income Tax
Inspectors, with different Service Rules, will not apply to the present case. …
29. Before proceeding to deal with the contention of the Appellants' Counsel
vis-Ã -vis the judgment in N.R. Parmar (Supra), it is necessary to observe that -91
the Law is fairly well settled in a series of cases, that a person is
disentitled to claim seniority from a date he was not borne in service. For
example, in J.C. Patnaik (Supra)30 the Court considered the question whether
the year in which the vacancy accrues can have any bearing for the purpose of
determining the seniority irrespective of the fact when the person is actually
recruited. The Court observed that there could be time lag between the year
when the vacancy accrues and the year when the final recruitment is made.
Referring to the word "recruited" occurring in the Orissa Service of
Engineers Rules, 1941 the Supreme Court held in J.C. Patnaik (Supra) that
person cannot be said to have been recruited to the service only on the basis
of initiation of process of recruitment but he is borne in the post only when,
formal appointment order is issued. 30. The above ratio in J.C. Patnaik (Supra)
is followed by this Court in several subsequent cases. It would however be
appropriate to make specific reference considering the seniority dispute in
reference to the Arunachal Pradesh Rules which are pari materia to the MPS
Rules, 1965, (vide (2007) 15 SCC 406-Nani Sha and Ors. v. State of Arunachal
Pradesh and Ors.). Having regard to the similar provisions, the Court approved
the view that seniority is to be reckoned not from the date when vacancy arose
but from the date on which the appointment is made to the post. The Court
particularly held that retrospective seniority should not be granted from a day
when an employee is not even borne in the cadre so as to adversely impact those
who were validly appointed in the meantime. 31. We may also benefit by
referring to the Judgment in State of Uttar Pradesh and Ors. v. Ashok Kumar
Srivastava and Anr. (2014) 14 SCC 720. This judgment is significant since this
is rendered after the N.R. Parmar (Supra) decision. Here the Court approved the
ratio in Pawan Pratap Singh and Ors. v. Reevan Singh and Ors. (2011) 3 SCC 267,
and 30 (1998) 4 SCC 456 -92 concurred with the view that seniority should not
be reckoned retrospectively unless it is so expressly provided by the relevant
service Rules. The Supreme Court held that seniority cannot be given for an
employee who is yet to be borne in the cadre and by doing so it may adversely
affect the employees who have been appointed validly in the meantime. The law
so declared in Ashok Kumar Srivastava (supra) being the one appealing to us, is
profitably extracted as follows: 24. The learned Senior Counsel for the Appellants
has drawn inspiration from the recent authority in Pawan Pratap Singh v. Reevan
Singh where the Court after referring to earlier authorities in the field has
culled out certain principles out of which the following being the relevant are
produced below: 45. (ii) Inter se seniority in a particular service has to be
determined as per the service rules. The date of entry in a particular service
or the date of substantive appointment is the safest criterion for fixing
seniority inter se between one officer or the other or between one group of
officers and the other recruited from different sources. Any departure
therefrom in the statutory rules, executive instructions or otherwise must be
consistent with the requirements of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution.
..................... 45. (iv) The seniority cannot be reckoned from the date
of occurrence of the vacancy and cannot be given retrospectively unless it is
so expressly provided by the relevant service rules. It is so because seniority
cannot be given on retrospective basis when an employee has not even been borne
in the cadre and by doing so it may adversely affect the employees who have
been appointed validly in the meantime. … -93 34. In the above context, it is
also necessary to refer to the relevant advertisement issued in 2005 for direct
recruitment which allowed the aspirants to apply even if, their result in the
qualification examination is awaited. Even more intriguing and significant is
the relaxation that those proposing to appear in the qualifying examination are
also allowed to respond to the advertisement. If such be the nature of the
process initiated (in the year 2005) for making direct recruitment, we can
easily visualize a situation where, in the event of granting seniority from the
stage of commencing the process, a person when eventually appointed, would get
seniority from a date even before obtaining the qualification, for holding the
post. … 38. When we carefully read the judgment in N.R. Parmar (Supra), it
appears to us that the referred OMs (dated 07.02.1986 and 03.07.1986) were not
properly construed in the judgment. Contrary to the eventual finding, the said
two OMs had made it clear that seniority of the direct recruits be declared
only from the date of appointment and not from the date of initiation of
recruitment process. But surprisingly, the judgment while referring to the
illustration given in the OM in fact overlooks the effect of the said
illustration. According to us, the illustration extracted in the N.R. Parmar
(Supra) itself, makes it clear that the vacancies which were intended for
direct recruitment in a particular year (1986) which were filled in the next
year (1987) could be taken into consideration only in the subsequent year's
seniority list but not in the seniority list of 1986. In fact, this was
indicated in the two OMs dated 07.02.1986 and 03.07.1986 and that is why the
Government issued the subsequent OM on 03.03.2008 by way of clarification of
the two earlier OMs. 39. At this stage, we must also emphasize that the Court
in N.R. Parmar (Supra) need not have observed that the selected candidate
cannot be blamed for administrative delay and the gap between initiation of -94
process and appointment. Such observation is fallacious in as much as none can
be identified as being a selected candidate on the date when the process of
recruitment had commenced. On that day, a body of persons aspiring to be
appointed to the vacancy intended for direct recruits was not in existence. The
persons who might respond to an advertisement cannot have any service-related
rights, not to talk of right to have their seniority counted from the date of
the advertisement. In other words, only on completion of the process, the
Applicant morphs into a selected candidate and, therefore, unnecessary
observation was made in N.R. Parmar (Supra) to the effect that the selected
candidate cannot be blamed for the administrative delay. In the same context,
we may usefully refer to the ratio in Shankarsan Dash v. Union of India (1991)
3 SCC 47, where it was held even upon empanelment, an appointee does not
acquire any right. 40. The Judgment in N.R. Parmar (Supra) relating to the
Central Government employees cannot in our opinion, automatically apply to the
Manipur State Police Officers, governed by the MPS Rules, 1965. We also feel
that N.R. Parmar (Supra) had incorrectly distinguished the long-standing
seniority determination principles propounded in, inter-alia, J.C. Patnaik
(Supra), Suraj Prakash Gupta and Ors. v. State of J&K and Ors. (2000) 7 SCC
561 and Pawan Pratap Singh and Ors. v. Reevan Singh and Ors. (Supra). These
three judgments and several others with like enunciation on the law for
determination of seniority makes it abundantly clear that under Service
Jurisprudence, seniority cannot be claimed from a date when the incumbent is
yet to be borne in the cadre. In our considered opinion, the law on the issue
is correctly declared in J.C. Patnaik (Supra) and consequently we disapprove
the norms on assessment of inter-se seniority, suggested in N.R. Parmar
(Supra). Accordingly, the decision in N.R. Parmar is overruled. However, it is
made clear that this decision will not affect the inter-se seniority already
based on N.R. Parmar and the same is protected. This decision -95 will apply
prospectively except where seniority is to be fixed under the relevant Rules
from the date of vacancy/the date of advertisement. 41. As noted earlier, the
Learned Single Judge based his judgment on two propositions but the Division
Bench was of the view that result would be the same merely on the basis of one
of the two propositions and, therefore, it was unnecessary to pronounce upon
the other proposition. Such an approach cannot therefore be described as a
conflict (as has been suggested), between the two judgments. Both Benches were
absolutely consistent in their conclusion that promotees would have to be given
seniority over direct recruits. It cannot therefore be argued that by some
convoluted reasoning, it is possible to come to the conclusion that the orders
passed by the two Courts would result in diametrically opposite situation
namely, that direct recruits would have to be given seniority over promotees.”
41.3 The facts noted in paragraph 5 of the decision in Meghachandra Singh29
show that the promotees entered the relevant grade in March 2007 whereas the
direct recruits were appointed in August and November 2007. While overruling
the decision in Parmar19 it was also observed in paragraph 40 that in Service
Jurisprudence, seniority cannot be claimed where the incumbent is yet to be
borne in the cadre. 41.4 In the premises, the conclusion is inescapable that
the candidates selected through LCE and Direct Recruitment vide Order dated
15.07.2013 cannot claim to be clubbed with the 47 Judicial Officers -96
promoted in substantive capacity on 21.04.2010 and cannot claim appropriate
placement in accordance with the Cyclic Order. We accordingly answer Question
(C) and find that the 47 Judicial Officers were rightly placed en-bloc senior
to all the candidates selected through the process initiated pursuant to the
Notification dated 31.03.2011. Writ Petition (Civil) Nos.936 of 2018 and 967
are, therefore, dismissed. 42. While considering Question (D), it is relevant
to notice the emphasis placed by this Court in All India Judges Association1
while directing that 25 per cent of the posts in the cadre of the District
Judge be filled through LCE. It was stated in paragraph 27 that there should be
an incentive amongst relatively junior and other officers to improve and to
compete with each other so as to excel and get accelerated promotion. In
paragraph 28 the relevant direction again stressed that 25 per cent quota for
promotion through LCE be “strictly on the basis of merit.” Rule 31(2) of 2010
Rules also uses the expression “strictly on the basis of merit” while dealing
with posts to be filled in through LCE. The merit is to be assessed in terms of
the scheme laid down in the relevant Schedule. After considering various
parameters stated in said Schedule, the successful candidates are selected on
the basis of merit. The list of -97 successful candidates becomes the basis for
final selection subject to qualifying parameters such as suitability, medical
fitness etc. However, placing reliance on Rule 47(4), the Committee in its
Report dated 15.03.2019 held that the inter se seniority of persons promoted to
the District Judge Cadre in the same year ought to be the same as it was in the
posts held by them at the time of promotion. If the list is to be drawn up
according to merit, it is possible that the last person in the list of
selectees may be the senior most and going by the Report of the Committee, if
all the selectees are promoted in the same year such last person may as well be
at the top of the list of promotees through LCE. In that event, the seniority
shall become the governing criteria and the excellence on part of a
comparatively junior candidate may recede in the background. Instead of giving
incentive to comparatively junior and other officers, the entire examination
process will stand reduced to a mere qualifying examination rather than a
competitive examination affording opportunity to meritorious candidates. The
criteria shall then become seniority subject to passing the LCE. The direction
issued in All India Judges Association1 to afford an incentive to meritorious
candidates regardless of their seniority would not -98 thus be carried out. The
general principle appearing in Rule 47(4) must, therefore, give way to the
special dispensation in Rule 31(2) of 2010 Rules. In our view, the High Court
in its Report dated 15.03.2019 completely failed to appreciate the true
character of LCE and reservation of certain quota for that category. We,
therefore, accept the submissions made by the learned Advocate for the
petitioners in Writ Petition (Civil) No.498 of 2018 and Diary No.13252 of 2019
and while answering Question (D) declare that the inter se placement of the
candidates selected through LCE must be based on merit and not on the basis of
the seniority in the erstwhile cadre. Said Writ Petitions are allowed to that
extent. 43. We now deal with the submissions advanced in Writ Petition (Civil)
Nos.464 of 2019 and 899 of 2019 and other similar matters. It is true that as
on the date when 2010 Rules came into effect, there were 83 Fast Track Courts
functioning in the State and appropriate mention to that effect was made in
Part A of Schedule II to 2010 Rules. It is also correct to say that the ad-hoc
promotions granted to the concerned Judicial Officers were under 1969 Rules.
But such promotions were on -99 ad-hoc basis to man the Fast Track Courts and
the law on the point is now well settled that the service rendered by such
Judicial Officers as Fast Track Court Judges on ad-hoc basis cannot be taken
into account while reckoning seniority after such Judicial Officers were
granted promotion on substantive basis and that their seniority has to be
reckoned only from the date of their substantive appointment to the cadre of
District Judge. Said 1969 Rules do not in any way confer any right which would
be inconsistent with the law so laid down by this Court. The further submission
that four Judicial Officers out of the 47 Judicial Officers were also appointed
on the same day along with the petitioners in Writ Petition (Civil) No.464 of
2019 also has no merit. The grant of promotion on substantive basis to said
four Judicial Officers does not by itself entitle said petitioners to any
similar treatment. The issue of grant of promotion on substantive basis may
depend upon various issues including suitability of the concerned candidate and
availability of posts. The record also shows that after grant of promotion on
substantive basis to the 47 Judicial Officers, there were no vacancies for
Regular Promotion which is why the selection process undertaken in the year
2010 did not earmark any vacancies for Regular Promotions and it was only in
the year 2011, when adequate vacancies for said category became available, that
-100 the Notification dated 31.03.2011 contemplated filling up of certain
vacancies by Regulation Promotion. The petitioners in Writ Petition (Civil)
No.464 of 2019 participated in the process initiated pursuant to said
Notification dated 31.03.2011. Some of them also appeared in LCE and availed of
the opportunity to stake their claim. Their regular promotions to the Cadre of
District Judge must, therefore, be taken only as a result of selection process
initiated in terms of the Notification dated 31.03.2011 which culminated in the
Order dated 15.07.2013. In the circumstances, their substantive appointment to
said cadre has to be reckoned from 15.07.2013 and not with any anterior effect.
Once the Regular Promotion was part of the same process along with other
streams, namely, through Direct Recruitment and LCE, the Cyclic Order had to be
applied and said petitioners cannot be given enbloc placement above the
candidates selected through Direct Recruitment and LCE in the same process of
selection. We, therefore, see no merit in Writ Petition (Civil) No. 464 of 2019
and said Writ Petition is dismissed. -101 The petitioners in Writ Petition
(Civil) No.899 of 2019 and other connected matters came to be appointed on
ad-hoc basis to man the Fast Track Courts after 2010 Rules came into effect.
Even if their services were continued after abolition of Fast Track Courts,
that by itself would not confer any right on them. They came to be
substantively promoted to the Cadre of District Judge only vide Order dated
05.02.2016. For the reasons stated hereinabove, their entitlement on
substantive basis has to be reckoned only from 05.02.2016 and not from any
earlier date. Writ Petition (Civil) No.899 of 2019 and other connected matters
are, therefore, dismissed. Thus, while answering Question (E), we conclude that
the Report dated 15.03.2019 does not call for any modification, except to the
extent dealt with in answer to Question (D).
44. Concluding thus, we
direct:-
(a) Writ Petition (Civil)
No.498 of 2018 and Writ Petition (Civil) _______ of 2020 [D. No.13252 of 2019]
are allowed to the extent indicated above.
(b) Consequently, the seniority
list issued in terms of Report dated 15.03.2019 shall stand modified only to
the extent that appropriate placement to the candidates selected through LCE be
given on the 102 basis of their merit in the examination and not on the
basis of their seniority in the erstwhile cadre. Let the appropriate changes be
made within four weeks of this Judgment.
(c) Except to the extent
indicated in direction (b) above, the Report dated 15.03.2019 does not call for
any modification or clarification.
(d) All other writ petitions
are dismissed. ……………………….
J. [Uday Umesh Lalit] ……………………….J.
[Vineet Saran]
New Delhi; April 29, 2020.
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