Saturday, July 5, 2014

Court can recall any witness even if once that power under S.311 CrPC, has been exercised:Supreme Court

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REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.1307 OF 2014
[Arising out of Special Leave Petition (Crl.) No.8395 of 2012]
Mannan Sk & Ors. ... Appellants
Vs.
State of West Bengal & Anr. … Respondents
J U D G M E N T
(SMT.) RANJANA PRAKASH DESAI, J.
1. Leave granted.
2. In this appeal order dated 11/5/2012 passed by the
High Court of Calcutta is under challenge.  By the impugned
order the High Court reversed the trial court’s order which
had rejected the application filed by the prosecution under
Section 311 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973  (for
short, ‘the code’) to recall the Investigating Officer.

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3 A petty altercation over a tape recorder resulted in a
major incident in which bombs were hurled at Rupchand Sk –
the   father   of   PW8-Nurul   Islam.     Incident   occurred   on
13/12/1992.   Rupchand Sk suffered grievous injuries.   He
was taken to a local hospital. From there he was shifted to
Berhampore   hospital   where   he   breathed   his   last.   On
14/12/1992 a complaint was lodged by the son of deceased
Rupchand Sk - PW8-Nurul Islam with Raghunathpur Police
Station on the basis of which FIR was registered. In the FIR
PW8-Nurul Islam named nine persons.  Initially the case was
registered under Sections 447, 326 read with Section 34 of
the Penal Code and Sections 3 and 4 of the Explosives
Substances Act.   After the death of Rupchand Sk, Section
304 of the Penal Code was added.
4. After the charges were framed the trial began.   PW15-SI Dayal Mukherjee, the Investigating Officer, was examined
on 18/2/2011.  He was re-examined on 17/5/2011. He stated
in his evidence that he had recorded deceased Rupchand
Sk’s   statement   at   the   scene   of   offence.   In   the   cross-2
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examination   he   stated   that   he   had   recorded   one   page
statement of deceased Rupchand Sk.   This statement was
not brought on record.   
5. One month thereafter on 16/6/2011 the prosecution
moved an application for recalling PW15-SI Dayal Mukherjee
because   the   prosecution   wanted   to   bring   on   record
statement   of   deceased   Rupchand   Sk   which   it   had
inadvertently omitted to do.   Needless to say that it is the
prosecution case that after death of Rupchand Sk the said
statement became his dying declaration.
6. The trial court vide order dated 22/6/2011 rejected the
said application.  The trial court observed that the case was
at the stage of argument and no explanation was given by
the   prosecution   as   to   why   the   statement   of   deceased
Rupchand Sk was not brought on record by the Investigating
Officer.  The trial court noted that PW15-SI Dayal Mukherjee
was examined on 18/2/2011 and re-examined on 17/5/2011.
According to the trial court if the prosecution is allowed to
recall   PW15-SI   Dayal   Mukherjee   that   would   enable   the
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prosecution to fill-up the lacuna.   The trial court relied on
State of Rajasthan v. Doulat Ram   1    and  Mohan Lal
Shamji Soni v. Union of India   2  .  The trial court observed
that re-examination of PW15- SI Dayal Mukherjee is not
essential for the just decision of the case. 
7. Being aggrieved by this order the complainant filed an
application under Section 401 read with Section 482 of the
Code in the High Court.  The High Court reversed the trial
court’s order.  The High Court observed that non-exhibiting
of the statement of deceased Rupchand Sk was mistake of
the prosecution and no advantage can flow from the said
mistake to the accused.   The High Court further observed
that existence of the statement was known to the accused
and, hence, no prejudice would be caused to them.  The said
order is challenged in this appeal by the appellants-accused.
8. We have heard learned counsel for the parties at some
length.   We have perused their written submissions.   Mr.
Pijush K. Roy, learned counsel for the appellants submitted
1 AIR 1980 SC 1314
2 AIR 1991 SC 1346
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that the incident took place 22 years back.  The statements
of witnesses were recorded under Section 161 of the Code
within a week from the date of incident.  The Investigating
Officer was examined and cross-examined.  The case is set
for final arguments and, therefore, it would be unjust and
unfair to recall the Investigating Officer.   His recall would
cause serious prejudice to the appellants.  This is clearly an
attempt to fill-up the lacuna which should not be allowed.
Counsel further submitted that PW15-SI Dayal Mukherjee has
retired from the service in the year 2010 and he is presently
about 68 years of age.  He might have forgotten the entire
episode.   It will be easy for the complainant to tutor him.
Counsel submitted that Section 311 of the Code is not meant
for putting the accused in a disadvantageous position.  This
would   lead   to   miscarriage   of   justice.   In   support   of   his
submissions   counsel   relied   on  Chandran v. State of
Kerala   3  ,  State of Rajasthan v. Daulat Ram,    Mohan Lal
Shamji Soni v. Union of India & Ors,  Mishrilal and ors.
3 (1985) Cr L.J. 1288
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v.  State of M.P. and ors   4  ,     Mir Mohammad Omar and
ors.   v.  State of West Bengal   5  . 
9. Mr. Anip Sachthey, learned counsel appearing for the
State of West Bengal on the other hand submitted that the
application   was   made   just   one   month   after   the   re-examination of the Investigating Officer.  Therefore, there is
no delay in recalling him.  Statement of deceased Rupchand
Sk was not exhibited due to inadvertence and  hence for just
decision of the case it is essential to recall the Investigating
Officer.   Counsel submitted that this would not amount to
filling-up the lacuna.  In support of his submissions counsel
relied on P. Sanjeeva Rao  v. State of Andhra Pradesh   6  ,  
Hanuman Ram v. State of Rajasthan & Ors   7  ., Rajendra   
Prasad v. Narcotic Cell   8   and Mohanlal Shamji Soni   
10. The aim of every court is to discover truth.  Section 311
of the Code is one of many such provisions of the Code
which strengthen the arms of a court in its effort to ferret out
4 2005(10) SCC 701
5 1989 (4) SCC 436
6 2012(7) SCC 56
7 2008(15) SCC 652
8 1999(6) SCC 110
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the truth by procedure sanctioned by law.  It is couched in
very wide terms.  It empowers the court at any stage of any
inquiry,   trial   or   other   proceedings   under   the   Code   to
summon any person as a witness or examine any person in
attendance, though not summoned as witness or recall and
re-examine already examined witness.  The second part of
the Section uses the word ‘shall’.  It says that the court shall
summon and examine or recall or re-examine any such
person if his evidence appears to it to be essential to the just
decision  of  the  case.    The  words  ‘essential   to   the   just
decision of the case’  are the key words.   The court must
form an opinion that for the just decision of the case recall or
re-examination of the witness is necessary. Since the power
is wide it’s exercise has to be done with circumspection.  It is
trite that wider the power greater is the responsibility on the
courts which exercise it.  The exercise of this power cannot
be untrammeled and arbitrary but must be only guided by
the object of arriving at a just decision of the case.  It should
not cause prejudice to the accused.  It should not permit the
prosecution to fill-up the lacuna.  Whether recall of a witness
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is for filling-up of a lacuna or it is for just decision of a case
depends on facts and circumstances of each case.   In all
cases it is likely to be argued that the prosecution is trying to
fill-up a lacuna because the line of demarcation is thin.  It is
for the court to consider all the circumstances and decide
whether the prayer for recall is genuine.
11. Rather than referring to all the judgments which are
cited before us, we would concentrate on  Mohanlal Soni
which takes into consideration relevant judgments on the
scope   of   Section   311   and   lays   down   the   principles.
Mohanlal Soni is followed in all subsequent judgments.  In
Mohanlal Soni  this Court was considered the scope of
Section 540 of the  Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 ( the
old code) which is similar to Section 311 of the Code.  This
Court   observed   that   it   is   a   cardinal   rule   in   the   law   of
evidence that the best available evidence should be brought
before the court to prove a fact or the points in issue.  The
relevant observations of this Court are as under:
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“… … …In order to enable the court to find out the 
truth   and   render   a   just   decision,   the   salutary
provisions of Section 540 of the Code (Section 311 
of   the   new   Code)   are   enacted   whereunder   any 
court by exercising its discretionary authority at 
any stage of enquiry, trial or other proceeding can 
summon any person as a witness or examine any 
person in attendance though not summoned as a 
witness   or   recall   or   re-examine   any   person   in 
attendance though not summoned as a witness or 
recall   and   re-examine   any   person   already 
examined who are expected to be able to throw 
light   upon   the   matter   in   dispute;   because   if
judgments   happen   to   be   rendered   on   inchoate,
inconclusive and speculative presentation of facts, 
the ends of justice would be defeated.”
This Court further observed as under:
“… … …  Though Section 540 (Section 311 of the
new   Code)   is,   in   the   widest   possible   terms   and 
calls  for   no   limitation,   either   with   regard  to   the 
stage at which the powers of the court should be 
exercised, or with regard to the manner in which 
they   should   be   exercised,   that   power   is 
circumscribed   by   the   principle   that   underlines 
Section   540,   namely,   evidence   to   be   obtained 
should   appear   to   the   court   essential   to   a  just
decision of the case by getting at the truth by all 
lawful   means.   Therefore,   it   should   be   borne   in 
mind that the aid of the section should be invoked 
only with the object of discovering relevant facts 
or obtaining proper proof of such facts for a just 
decision of the case and it must be used judicially 
and   not   capriciously   or   arbitrarily   because   any 
improper or capricious exercise of the power may 
lead to undesirable results. Further it is incumbent
that due care should be taken by the court while 
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exercising   the   power   under   this   section   and   it 
should not be used for filling up the lacuna left by 
the   prosecution   or   by   the   defence   or   to   the 
disadvantage of the accused or to cause serious 
prejudice to the defence of the accused or to give 
an unfair advantage to the rival side and further 
the additional evidence should not be received as 
a disguise for a retrial or to change the nature of 
the case against either of the parties.”
12. While   dealing   with   Section   311   of   the   Code   in
Rajendra Prasad this Court explained what is lacuna in the
prosecution as under:
“Lacuna in the prosecution must be understood as 
the inherent weakness or a latent wedge in the 
matrix of the prosecution case. The advantage of
it should normally go to the accused in the trial of 
the case, but an oversight in the management of
the prosecution cannot be treated as irreparable 
lacuna. No party in a trial can be foreclosed from 
correcting   errors.   If   proper   evidence   was   not 
adduced or a relevant material was not brought on 
record due to any inadvertence, the court should
be magnanimous in permitting such mistakes to 
be rectified. After all, function of the criminal court 
is   administration   of   criminal   justice   and   not   to 
count errors committed by the parties or to find 
out and declare who among the parties performed 
better.”
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13. Reference must also be made to the observations of
this Court in Zahira Habibulla H. Sheikh  and anr.   v.
State of Gujarat and ors   9   where this Court described the
scope of Section 311 of the Code as under:
“Object of the Section is to enable the court to 
arrive at the truth irrespective of the fact that 
the   prosecution   or   the   defence   has   failed   to 
produce some evidence which is necessary for a 
just and proper disposal of the case.  The power 
is   exercised   and   the   evidence   is   examined 
neither to help the prosecution nor the defence, 
if the court feels that there is necessity to act in 
terms of Section 311 but only to subserve the 
cause of justice and public interest.   It is done 
with an object of getting the evidence in aid of a 
just decision and  to uphold the truth.”
14.   If we view the present case in light of the above
judgments, we will have to sustain the High Court’s order.
PW15-SI Dayal Mukherjee stated in the court that he had
recorded the statement of deceased Rupchand Sk.   Thus,
this fact was known to the defence.  He was cross-examined
by the defence. Inadvertently, the said statement was not
brought   on   record   through   PW15-SI   Dayal   Mukherjee.
Rupchand Sk died after the said statement was recorded.
9 (2004) 4 SCC 158
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The said statement, therefore, became very vital to the
prosecution. It is obvious that the prosecution wants to treat
it as a dying declaration.   Undoubtedly, therefore, it is an
essential material to the just decision of the case.  Though,
the fact of the recording of this statement is deposed to by
PW15-SI Dayal Mukherjee, since due to oversight it was not
brought on record,  application was made under Section 311
of the Code praying for recall of PW15-SI Dayal Mukherjee.
This cannot be termed as an inherent weakness or a latent
wedge in the matrix of the prosecution case.  No material is
tried to  be brought on record surreptitiously to fill-up the
lacuna.   Since the accused knew that such a statement was
recorded by PW15-SI Dayal Mukherjee, no prejudice can be
said   to   have   been   caused   to   the   accused,   who   will
undoubtedly get a chance to cross-examine PW15-SI Dayal
Mukherjee.
15. It   is   true   that   PW15-SI   Dayal   Mukherjee   was   once
recalled but that does not matter.  It does not prevent his
further recall.   Section 311 of the Code does not put any
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such limitation on the court.   He can still be recalled if his
evidence appears to the court to be essential to the just
decision of the case.   In this connection we must revisit
Rajendra Prasad   where this Court has clarified that the
court can exercise   power of re-summoning any witness
even if it has exercised the said power earlier.   Relevant
observations of this Court run as under:
“We cannot therefore accept the contention of the 
appellant   as   a   legal   proposition   that   the   court 
cannot   exercise   power   of   resummoning   any 
witness if once that power was exercised, nor can 
the power be whittled down merely on the ground 
that the prosecution discovered laches only when 
the   defence   highlighted   them   during   final 
arguments. The power of the court is plenary to 
summon or even recall any witness at any stage 
of the case if the court considers it necessary for a 
just   decision.   The   steps   which   the   trial   court 
permitted   in   this   case   for   resummoning   certain 
witnesses   cannot   therefore   be   spurned   down   or 
frowned at.”
16.   It was strenuously contended that the incident had
taken place on 13/12/1992 and, therefore, the application
made  after a gap of 22 years must be rejected.   This
submission   must   be   rejected   because  PW15-SI   Dayal
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Mukherjee was re-examined on 17/5/2011 and application
for his recall was made just one month thereafter.  It is true
that   the   incident   is   dated   13/12/1992   and   the   trial
commenced in 2001.  These are systemic delays which are
indeed   distressing.     But   once   the   trial   began   and   the
Investigating  Officer  was  re-examined  on  17/5/2011,   the
prosecution made an application for recall just one month
thereafter.     There   was   no   delay   at   that   stage.   The
submissions that PW15-SI Dayal Mukherjee has grown old;
that his memory must not be serving him right; that he can
be tutored are conjectural in nature.   In any case, the
accused   have   a   right   to   cross-examine   PW15-SI   Dayal
Mukherjee.   The accused are, therefore, not placed in a
disadvantageous position.
17.   We must now turn to the judgments cited by the
appellants.  In  State of Rajasthan v. Daulat Ram  this
Court was dealing with an appeal from an order of acquittal.
The prosecution had not proved beyond reasonable doubt
that the opium seized was the opium which was sent to the
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public analyst.   At the trial the prosecution had made an
application under Section 540 of the old Code (Section 311
of the Code) for summoning three persons under whose
custody the seized samples were kept.  It was rejected by
the trial court.   An application was made before the High
Court for additional evidence which was later withdrawn.
This Court commented on the vacillating approach of the
State   and   observed   that   the   prosecution   should   not   be
allowed to fill-up the lacunae left at the trial, at the appellate
or revisional stage. This case turns on its own facts and has
no application to the present case.
18.   Mishrilal,  on   which   reliance   is   placed   by   the
appellants, has also no application to this case.  In Mishrilal
a witness was examined and cross-examined in a murder
trial on the same day.  In Juvenile Court where some of the
juveniles were tried, he gave evidence subsequently.   He
stated that he was not aware as to who attacked him.  He
was recalled by the Sessions Court and confronted with the
statement given by him before the Juvenile Court on the
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basis of which the accused were acquitted.  This Court did
not approve of the procedure adopted by the Sessions Court.
This Court observed that a witness could be confronted only
with a previous statement made by him.  The day on which
he was first examined in the Sessions Court, there was no
such previous statement.   This Court observed that the
witness must have given some other version before Juvenile
Court for some extraneous reasons.   He should not have
been given an opportunity at a later stage to completely
efface the evidence already given by him under oath.  It is
the wrong procedure and attempt to efface evidence which
persuaded this Court to observe that once the witness was
examined in-chief and cross-examined   fully such witness
should not have been recalled and re-examined to deny the
evidence which he had already given in the court even
though he had given an inconsistent statement before any
other court subsequently.   It is pertinent to note that this
Court did not discuss Section 311 of the Code.
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19. Mir Mohd. Omar has no application to this case as it
deals with a totally different fact situation.  In that case this
Court has not considered Section 311 at all.
20.   In   the   ultimate   analysis   we   must   record   that   the
impugned order merits no interference.  We must, however,
clarify that oversight of the prosecution is not appreciated by
us.   But cause of justice must not be allowed to suffer
because of the oversight of the prosecution.  We also make
it clear that whether deceased Rupchand Sk’s statement
recorded by PW15-SI Dayal Mukherjee is a dying declaration
or not, what is its evidentiary value are questions on which
we have not expressed any opinion.  If any observation of
ours directly or indirectly touches upon this aspect,   we
make it clear that it is not our final opinion. The trial court
seized of the case shall deal with it independently.
21. In the result the appeal is dismissed. Needless to say
that the interim orders passed by this Court on 15/10/2012,
03/05/2013   and   27/01/2014   staying   the   impugned   order
dated 11/05/2012 passed by the Calcutta High Court in CRR
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No. 2385 of 2011 are vacated.  The trial court shall proceed
with the case and ensure that it is concluded at the earliest.
………………………….J.
[Ranjana Prakash Desai]
………………………….J.
[N.V. Ramana]
New Delhi
July 3, 2014
18

No automatic arrest when a case under Section 498-A of the IPC is registered

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REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 1277  OF 2014
(@SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CRL.) No.9127 of 2013)

ARNESH KUMAR ..... APPELLANT
VERSUS
STATE OF BIHAR & ANR.         .... RESPONDENTS
J U D G M E N T
Chandramauli Kr. Prasad:

The petitioner apprehends his arrest in a case
under Section 498-A of the Indian Penal Code, 1860
(hereinafter called as IPC) and Section 4 of the
Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961.  The maximum sentence
provided under Section 498-A IPC is imprisonment
for a term which may extend to three years and
fine whereas the maximum sentence provided under
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Section 4 of the Dowry Prohibition Act is two
years and with fine.
Petitioner   happens   to   be   the   husband   of
respondent no.2 Sweta Kiran.  The marriage between
them was solemnized on 1st  July, 2007. His attempt
to secure anticipatory bail has failed and hence
he has knocked the door of this Court by way of
this Special Leave Petition.
Leave granted.
In sum and substance, allegation levelled by
the wife against the appellant is that demand of
Rupees eight lacs, a maruti car, an          air-conditioner, television set etc. was made by her
mother-in-law and father-in-law and when this fact
was   brought   to   the   appellant’s   notice,   he
supported   his   mother   and   threatened   to   marry
another woman.  It has been alleged that she was
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driven out of the matrimonial home due to non-fulfilment of the demand of dowry.
Denying   these   allegations,   the   appellant
preferred   an   application   for   anticipatory   bail
which was earlier rejected by the learned Sessions
Judge and thereafter by the High Court.
There is phenomenal increase in matrimonial
disputes   in   recent   years.     The   institution   of
marriage   is   greatly   revered   in   this   country.
Section   498-A   of   the   IPC   was   introduced   with
avowed object to combat the menace of harassment
to a woman at the hands of her husband and his
relatives.     The   fact   that   Section   498-A   is   a
cognizable and non-bailable offence has lent it a
dubious place of pride amongst the provisions that
are   used   as   weapons   rather   than   shield   by
disgruntled wives.  The simplest way to harass is
to   get   the   husband   and   his   relatives   arrested
under this provision.  In a quite number of cases,
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bed-ridden grand-fathers and grand-mothers of the
husbands, their sisters living abroad for decades
are arrested.  “Crime in India 2012  Statistics”
published   by   National   Crime   Records   Bureau,
Ministry of Home Affairs shows arrest of 1,97,762
persons all over India during the year 2012 for
offence under Section 498-A of the IPC, 9.4% more
than the year 2011.   Nearly a quarter of those
arrested under this provision in 2012 were women
i.e. 47,951 which depicts that mothers and sisters
of the husbands were liberally included in their
arrest net.   Its share is 6% out of the total
persons arrested under the crimes committed under
Indian Penal Code.  It accounts for 4.5% of total
crimes committed under different sections of penal
code, more than any other crimes excepting theft
and hurt.   The rate of charge-sheeting in cases
under Section 498A, IPC is as high as 93.6%, while
the conviction rate is only 15%, which is lowest
across all heads.  As many as 3,72,706 cases are
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pending trial of which on current estimate, nearly
3,17,000 are likely to result in acquittal.  
Arrest   brings   humiliation,   curtails   freedom
and cast scars forever.   Law makers know it so
also the police.   There is a battle between the
law makers and the police and it seems that police
has not learnt its lesson; the lesson implicit and
embodied in the Cr.PC.  It has not come out of its
colonial   image   despite   six   decades   of
independence, it is largely considered as a tool
of   harassment,   oppression   and   surely   not
considered   a   friend   of   public.     The   need   for
caution in exercising the drastic power of arrest
has been emphasized time and again by Courts but
has not yielded desired result. Power to arrest
greatly contributes to its arrogance so also the
failure of the Magistracy to check it.  Not only
this, the power of arrest is one of the lucrative
sources of police corruption.   The attitude to
arrest first and then proceed with the rest is
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despicable.   It has become a handy tool to the
police officers who lack sensitivity or act with
oblique motive.
Law Commissions, Police Commissions and this
Court in a large number of judgments emphasized
the need to maintain a balance between individual
liberty and societal order while exercising the
power of arrest.   Police officers make arrest as
they believe that they possess the power to do so.
As the arrest curtails freedom, brings humiliation
and casts scars forever, we feel differently.  We
believe   that   no   arrest   should   be   made   only
because the offence is non-bailable and cognizable
and therefore,  lawful for the police officers to
do so.  The existence of the power to arrest is
one thing, the justification for the exercise of
it is quite another. Apart from power to arrest,
the police officers must be able to justify the
reasons   thereof.     No   arrest   can   be   made   in   a
routine manner on a mere allegation of commission
of an offence made against a person.  It would be
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prudent and wise for a police officer that no
arrest is made without a reasonable satisfaction
reached   after   some   investigation   as   to   the
genuineness of the allegation. Despite this legal
position,   the   Legislature   did   not   find   any
improvement.     Numbers   of   arrest   have   not
decreased.     Ultimately,   the   Parliament   had   to
intervene and on the recommendation of the 177th
Report of the Law Commission submitted in the year
2001, Section 41 of the Code of Criminal Procedure
(for short ‘Cr.PC), in the present form came to be
enacted.   It is interesting to note that such a
recommendation was made by the Law Commission in
its 152nd and 154th Report submitted as back in the
year   1994.     The   value   of   the   proportionality
permeates the amendment relating to arrest.   As
the offence with which we are concerned in the
present appeal, provides for a maximum punishment
of imprisonment which may extend to seven years
and   fine,   Section   41(1)(b),   Cr.PC   which   is
relevant for the purpose reads as follows:
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“41.   When   police   may   arrest   without
warrant.-(1) Any police officer may without
an   order   from   a   Magistrate   and   without   a
warrant, arrest any person –
(a)x  x  x   x  x  x
(b)against   whom   a   reasonable   complaint
has   been   made,   or   credible   information
has   been   received,   or   a   reasonable
suspicion exists that he has committed a
cognizable   offence   punishable   with
imprisonment for a term which may be less
than seven years or which may extend to
seven years whether with or without fine,
if   the   following   conditions   are
satisfied, namely :-(i) x x x x x
(ii)   the   police   officer   is   satisfied
that such arrest is necessary –
(a) to   prevent   such   person   from
committing any further offence; or
(b) for   proper   investigation   of   the
offence; or
(c) to prevent such person from causing
the   evidence   of   the   offence   to
disappear   or   tampering   with   such
evidence in any manner; or
(d) to prevent such person from making
any inducement, threat or promise
to any person acquainted with the
facts of the case so as to dissuade
him from disclosing such facts to
the Court or to the police officer;
or
(e) as unless such person is arrested,
his presence in the Court whenever
required cannot be ensured,
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and the police officer shall record while
making such arrest, his reasons in writing:
Provided that a police officer shall, in
all cases where the arrest of a person is
not required under the provisions of this
sub-section, record the reasons in writing
for not making the arrest.
X  x  x  x  x  x
From a plain reading of the aforesaid provision,
it is evident that a person accused of offence
punishable with imprisonment for a term which
may be less than seven years or which may extend
to seven years with or without fine, cannot be
arrested   by   the   police   officer   only   on   its
satisfaction that such person had committed the
offence punishable as aforesaid.  Police officer
before arrest, in such cases has to be further
satisfied   that   such   arrest   is   necessary   to
prevent such person from committing any further
offence;   or   for   proper   investigation   of   the
case; or to prevent the accused from causing the
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evidence   of   the   offence   to   disappear;   or
tampering with such evidence in any manner; or
to   prevent   such   person   from   making   any
inducement, threat or promise to a witness so as
to dissuade him from disclosing such facts to
the Court or the police officer; or unless such
accused person is arrested, his presence in the
court   whenever   required   cannot   be   ensured.
These are the conclusions, which one may reach
based on facts.  Law mandates the police officer
to state the facts and record the reasons in
writing which led him to come to a conclusion
covered   by   any   of   the   provisions   aforesaid,
while making such arrest.  Law further requires
the police officers to record the reasons in
writing for not making the arrest.  In pith and
core, the police office before arrest must put a
question to himself, why arrest?  Is it really
required?   What purpose it will serve?   What
object it will achieve?  It is only after these
questions are addressed and one or the other
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conditions as enumerated above is satisfied, the
power of arrest needs to be exercised.  In fine,
before arrest first the police officers should
have   reason   to   believe   on   the   basis   of
information and material that the accused has
committed the offence.   Apart from this, the
police officer has to be satisfied further that
the arrest is necessary for one or the more
purposes envisaged by sub-clauses (a) to (e) of
clause (1) of Section 41 of Cr.PC.
An   accused   arrested   without   warrant   by
the police has the constitutional right under
Article 22(2) of the Constitution of India and
Section   57,   Cr.PC   to   be   produced   before   the
Magistrate without unnecessary delay and in no
circumstances beyond 24 hours excluding the time
necessary for the journey.  During the course of
investigation of a case, an accused can be kept
in detention beyond a period of 24 hours only
when   it   is   authorised   by   the   Magistrate   in
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exercise of power under Section 167 Cr.PC.  The
power to authorise detention is a very solemn
function.  It affects the liberty and freedom of
citizens and needs to be exercised with great
care and caution. Our experience tells us that
it   is   not   exercised   with   the   seriousness   it
deserves. In many of the cases, detention is
authorised   in   a   routine,   casual   and   cavalier
manner.     Before   a   Magistrate   authorises
detention under Section 167, Cr.PC, he has to be
first satisfied that the arrest made is legal
and   in   accordance   with   law   and   all   the
constitutional rights of the person arrested is
satisfied.  If the arrest effected by the police
officer   does   not   satisfy   the   requirements   of
Section 41 of the Code, Magistrate is duty bound
not   to   authorise   his   further   detention   and
release the accused.   In other words, when an
accused is produced before the Magistrate,  the
police officer effecting the arrest is required
to furnish to the Magistrate, the facts, reasons
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and   its   conclusions   for   arrest   and   the
Magistrate   in   turn   is   to   be   satisfied   that
condition precedent for arrest under Section 41
Cr.PC   has   been   satisfied   and   it   is   only
thereafter that he will authorise the detention
of   an   accused.     The   Magistrate   before
authorising   detention   will   record   its   own
satisfaction, may be in brief but   the said
satisfaction must reflect from its order.   It
shall never be based upon the ipse dixit of the
police officer, for example, in case the police
officer   considers   the   arrest   necessary   to
prevent such person from committing any further
offence or for proper investigation of the case
or for preventing an accused from tampering with
evidence or making inducement etc., the police
officer   shall   furnish   to   the   Magistrate   the
facts, the reasons and materials on the basis of
which   the   police   officer   had   reached   its
conclusion.     Those   shall   be   perused   by   the
Magistrate while authorising the detention and
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only after recording its satisfaction in writing
that the Magistrate will authorise the detention
of the accused.   In fine, when a suspect is
arrested and produced before a Magistrate for
authorising   detention,   the   Magistrate   has   to
address the question whether specific reasons
have been recorded for arrest and if so, prima
facie those reasons are relevant and secondly a
reasonable conclusion could at all be reached by
the   police   officer   that   one   or   the   other
conditions stated above are attracted.  To this
limited extent the Magistrate will make judicial
scrutiny.
Another provision i.e. Section 41A Cr.PC
aimed to avoid unnecessary arrest or threat of
arrest looming large on accused requires to be
vitalised.   Section 41A as inserted by Section
6 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment)
Act, 2008(Act 5 of 2009), which is relevant in
the context reads as follows:
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“41A.   Notice   of   appearance   before
police   officer.-(1)   The   police
officer  shall,  in  all  cases  where
the   arrest   of   a   person   is   not
required   under   the   provisions   of
sub-section (1) of Section 41, issue
a   notice   directing   the   person
against whom a reasonable complaint
has   been   made,   or   credible
information has been received, or a
reasonable suspicion exists that he
has committed a cognizable offence,
to   appear   before   him   or   at   such
other place as may be specified in
the notice.
(2) Where such a notice is issued to
any person, it shall be the duty of
that person to comply with the terms
of the notice.
(3) Where such person complies and
continues to comply with the notice,
he shall not be arrested in respect
of the offence referred to in the
notice   unless,   for   reasons   to   be
recorded, the police officer is of
the   opinion   that   he   ought   to   be
arrested.
(4) Where such person, at any time,
fails to comply with the terms of
the   notice   or   is   unwilling   to
identify himself, the police officer
may, subject to such orders as may
have   been   passed   by   a   competent
Court in this behalf, arrest him for
the   offence   mentioned   in   the
notice.”
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Aforesaid provision makes it clear that
in all cases where the arrest of a person is not
required under Section 41(1), Cr.PC, the police
officer is required to issue notice directing
the accused to appear before him at a specified
place and time.  Law obliges such an accused to
appear before the police officer and it further
mandates that if such an accused complies with
the terms of notice he shall not be arrested,
unless for reasons to be recorded, the police
office is of the opinion that the arrest is
necessary.   At this stage also, the condition
precedent for arrest as envisaged under Section
41 Cr.PC has to be complied and shall be subject
to   the   same   scrutiny   by   the   Magistrate   as
aforesaid. 
We   are   of   the   opinion   that   if   the
provisions of Section 41, Cr.PC which authorises
the police officer to arrest an accused without
an order from a Magistrate and without a warrant
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are scrupulously enforced, the wrong committed
by   the   police   officers   intentionally   or
unwittingly would be reversed and the number of
cases   which   come   to   the   Court   for   grant   of
anticipatory bail will substantially reduce.  We
would like to emphasise that the practice of
mechanically reproducing in the case diary all
or most of the reasons contained in Section 41
Cr.PC for effecting arrest be discouraged and
discontinued.
Our endeavour in this judgment is to ensure
that   police   officers   do   not   arrest   accused
unnecessarily and Magistrate do not authorise
detention casually and mechanically.   In order
to ensure what we have observed above, we give
the following direction:
(1) All the State Governments to instruct its
police officers not to automatically arrest
when a case under Section 498-A of the IPC
is   registered   but   to   satisfy   themselves
about the necessity for arrest under the
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parameters   laid   down   above   flowing   from
Section 41, Cr.PC;
(2) All   police   officers   be   provided   with   a
check list containing specified sub-clauses
under Section 41(1)(b)(ii);
(3) The police officer shall forward the check
list duly filed and furnish the reasons and
materials   which   necessitated   the   arrest,
while   forwarding/producing   the   accused
before   the   Magistrate   for   further
detention;
(4) The Magistrate while authorising detention
of   the   accused   shall   peruse   the   report
furnished by the police officer in terms
aforesaid   and   only   after   recording   its
satisfaction, the Magistrate will authorise
detention;
(5) The decision not to arrest an accused, be
forwarded   to   the   Magistrate   within   two
weeks from the date of the institution of
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the   case   with   a   copy   to   the   Magistrate
which may be extended by the Superintendent
of police of the district for the reasons
to be recorded in writing;
(6) Notice of appearance in terms of Section
41A   of   Cr.PC   be   served   on   the   accused
within   two   weeks   from   the   date   of
institution   of   the   case,   which   may   be
extended by the Superintendent of Police of
the District for the reasons to be recorded
in writing;
(7) Failure   to   comply   with   the   directions
aforesaid   shall   apart   from   rendering   the
police   officers   concerned   liable   for
departmental   action,   they   shall   also   be
liable to be punished for contempt of court
to be instituted before High Court having
territorial jurisdiction. 
(8) Authorising   detention   without   recording
reasons   as   aforesaid   by   the   judicial
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Magistrate   concerned   shall   be   liable   for
departmental action by the appropriate High
Court.
We   hasten   to   add   that   the   directions
aforesaid shall not only apply to the cases
under Section 498-A of the I.P.C. or Section 4
of   the   Dowry   Prohibition   Act,   the   case   in
hand, but also such cases where offence is
punishable with imprisonment for a term which
may be less than seven years or which may
extend to seven years; whether with or without
fine.
We direct that a copy of this judgment be
forwarded to the Chief Secretaries as also the
Director Generals of Police of all the State
Governments and the Union Territories and the
Registrar General of all the High Courts for
onward   transmission   and   ensuring   its
compliance.
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By order dated 31st of October, 2013, this
Court   had   granted   provisional   bail   to   the
appellant on certain conditions. We make this
order absolute.
In   the   result,   we   allow   this   appeal,
making our aforesaid order dated 31st October,
2013 absolute; with the directions aforesaid.
   ………………………………………………………………J
   (CHANDRAMAULI KR. PRASAD)
   ………………………………………………………………J
                 (PINAKI CHANDRA GHOSE)
NEW DELHI,
July 2, 2014.
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